Difference between revisions of "Pasteurella"

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-Pasteurella *Snuffles*-
=Pasteurella ("Snuffles")=
 
 
==Etiology (cause)==


Snuffles is the common name for *Pasteurella multocida*, a respiratory bacterial infection in rabbits. It presents with thick white or yellow mucus and strained, raspy breathing. There are two forms: Acute and Chronic. Over 80% of rabbits are carriers, as the bacterium can survive in the environment.


==Etiology (Cause)==
* Caused by *Pasteurella multocida*, a Gram-negative bacterium
* Highly prevalent in domestic and wild rabbit populations
* Exists in two stages: Dormant Carrier and Active Infection
** Dormant Carrier: No active symptoms; immune system suppresses bacterial activity
** Active Infection: The rabbit becomes contagious and can develop Acute or Chronic disease


==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
* Persistent nasal mucus
 
* Wet yellow-stained noses and paws
* Raspy or strained breathing
* Intermittent sneezing fits
* Sore hocks
* Lethargy and fatigue
* Signs of pain
* In chronic cases, lesions may develop on internal organs, and thick mucus may accumulate in body cavities


==Treatment, Prevention, and Control==
==Treatment, Prevention, and Control==
Their is Officially no known on label treatment for Pasteurella.
*There is no on-label treatment for Pasteurella in rabbits.*
 
Off label :
 
Draxin appears to be the most effective treatment and possible a cure when Pasteurella is caught early. Draxin given at the first sign of sneezing and white snot. appears to be effective in  eliminating Pasteurella with in a 72 hour period. More trials are needed. Draxin was used in a piolet study  to test it's effectiveness in rabbits in 2017.  
 
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Efficacy-of-Tulathramycin-in-the-Treatment-of-in-Edrees-Abdellatief/be26b70bdee671eb3a4b0723e1a4a32409aef421?fbclid=IwAR214Q2aWv2GDy5WlLY4WWJjDIO4Sk8cLXY1UTSEEfdY2vp2dYxzle8u16A
DOI:10.17582/JOURNAL.AAVS/2017/5.12.477.485Corpus ID: 80507273
Efficacy of Tulathramycin in the Treatment of Respiratory Pasteurollosis in Rabbits
N. Edrees, Suhair A. Abdellatief, +1 author Amany El-Sharkawy
Published 1 November 2017 Medicine, Biology Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
| Pasteurella multocida is the most critical respiratory bacterial infection of rabbits, around the globe. Beside passive immunization, anti-bacterial treatment is the primary choice of disease control. Since tulathromycin may be retained
in the lung for many days after single administration, it can be applied for treatment of respiratory diseases. Hence, the purpose of current study was to evaluate the efficacy of tulathromycin in treating experimentally infected rabbits
with P. multocida. In the sensitivity test, tulathromycin showed a potent inhibitory effect on P. multocida compared to several well-established antimicrobial agents. In vivo, treatment with tulathromycin improved clinical signs, mortality
rate, lesion scores and growth performance parameters in infected rabbits. Furthermore, treatment with tulathromycin ameliorated the hematological picture, lowered the level of biochemical parameters which were significantly increased due
to infection as liver enzymes, blood urea, creatinine and creatine kinase (CK-MB) and elevated the levels of total protein and albumin. Biochemical findings were supported by histopathological picture. It can be concluded that tulathromycin  is an ideal and safe antibiotic for treating infection with Pasteurella multocida in rabbits


We did a barn trial on select cull rabbits to test it's effectiveness outside of a laboratory setting, and it had an approx 95% effective rate as a single dose on a 7 day trial. Rabbits that showed mild symptoms were given a follow up dose 7 days latter and all but 1 has full cleared. we would like to pursue a grant and  full study to test this further in hope of getting Draxxin approved for  on lable use.
**Off-Label Treatments:**
   
* **Draxxin (Tulathromycin)**  
  Appears most effective when administered at the first signs of sneezing or white mucus. Early intervention may eliminate infection within 72 hours. More trials are needed. Pilot study 2017:  
  [Efficacy of Tulathramycin in the Treatment of Respiratory Pasteurollosis in Rabbits, Edrees et al., 2017](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Efficacy-of-Tulathramycin-in-the-Treatment-of-in-Edrees-Abdellatief/be26b70bdee671eb3a4b0723e1a4a32409aef421) DOI:10.17582/JOURNAL.AAVS/2017/5.12.477.485


* Barn trials showed ~95% effectiveness with a single dose; symptomatic rabbits received a second dose after 7 days for full clearance.


Baytril has also been effective to treat early onset cases in trials 2014.
* **Baytril (Enrofloxacin)**  
   
  Effective for early-onset cases in 2014 trials:  
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-014-0276-6
  [Alternative treatment of serious and mild Pasteurella multocida infection in New Zealand White rabbits, Palócz et al., 2014](https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-014-0276-6)   
Alternative treatment of serious and mild Pasteurella multocida infection in New Zealand White rabbits
Orsolya Palócz, János Gál, Paul Clayton, Zoltán Dinya, Zoltán Somogyi, Csaba Juhász & György Csikó
BMC Veterinary Research volume 10, Article number: 276 (2014)
Pasteurella multocida causes numerous economically relevant diseases in livestock including rabbits. Immunization is only variably effective. Prophylactic
  antibiotics are used in some species but are contra-indicated in rabbits, due to their adverse effects on the rabbit microbiota. There is therefore a substantial
need for alternative forms of infection control in rabbits; we investigated the effect of oral β-glucan on P. multocida infection in this species.


  Results
* **β-Glucans**  
Thirthy-five New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into five groups of seven animals. Three groups were inoculated with Pasteurella multocida
  Prophylactic oral administration can protect against naturally acquired infection and extend survival time under higher challenge doses.
intranasally (in.), a physiologically appropriate challenge which reproduces naturally acquired infection, and received either (1-3), (1-6) β-glucans or placebo.
Four other groups were inoculated both in. and intramuscularly (im.), representing a supra-physiological challenge, and received either (1-3), (1-6) β-glucans,
antibiotic or placebo. β-glucans given prophylactically were highly effective in protecting against physiological (in.) bacterial challenge. They were less
effective in protecting against supra-physiological bacterial challenge (in. and im.), although they extended survival times. This latter finding has practical
relevance to breeders as it extends the window in which heavily infected and symptomatic animals can be salvaged with antibiotics.


Conclusions
**Management Notes:**
In our study, (1-3), (1-6) β-glucans were highly effective in protecting against a model of naturally acquired P. multocida infection and extended survival times
* Acute infection can be survivable with therapeutic antibiotics, but rabbits remain contagious.
in the supra-physiological model. Enrofloxacin(baytril) was effective in protecting against supra-physiological infection. We are currently reviewing the use of combined
* Chronic infection progresses to internal organ involvement and is often terminal.
prophylaxis.
* Vaccination provides only variable protection; environmental control and early treatment are critical.


==References==
==References==
Snuffles is the street name for Pasteurella , it shows up as a respiratory infection accompanied by thick white/ yellow mucus, raspy strained breathing. there are 2 forms Acute and Chronic. over 80% of rabbits are carries as it lives in the environment .
* [Pasteurellosis in Rabbits, ResearchGate, 2000](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235256769_Pasteurellosis_in_Rabbits) 
 
* [Pathological findings in a fatal pet rabbit Pasteurellosis, ResearchGate, 2020](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341431114_Pathological_findings_in_a_fatal_pet_rabbit_Pasteurellosis)   
It has 2 stages Dormant Carrier and Active Infection
* [Pathogenomics insights for understanding Pasteurella multocida adaptation, Hurtado et al., 2020](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438422120300278)
 
A carrier does not present with an active infection and is not contagious with an active illness, the Rabbit's  immune system are holding it off so it is dormant.
 
ONCE SNUFFLES BECOMES ACTIVE it is a terminal cull.
If the rabbit is able to survive the acute respiratory infection thru use of therapeutic antibiotics, it Will continue to be contagious with active infection and will spread a stronger infection to neighboring rabbits that they may not be able to fight off. It will then move on to the Chronic snuffles.
 
The chronic form, Pasteurella moves to the body cavities, and eats away at the organs, while filling the body cavity with thick mucus. Chronic Pasteurella will slowly and painfully kill a rabbit. Rabbits will exhibit one or more of the following signs: persistent mucus drip, wet yellow stained noses and paws, sore hocks, lethargy, getting tired easily, intermittent sneezing fits, signs of pain. When Pasteurella become Chronic it will start to form lesions on the organs.
 
-----
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235256769_Pasteurellosis_in_Rabbits Pasteurellosis in Rabbits]
April 2000Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian -North American Edition- 22(4):344-+
------
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341431114_Pathological_findings_in_a_fatal_pet_rabbit_Pasteurellosis Pathological findings in a fatal pet rabbit Pasteurellosis]
Springer  August 2020Comparative Clinical Pathology 29(6)  DOI:10.1007/s00580-020-03115-x
 
 
‐--------
 
International Journal of Medical Microbiology
Volume 310, Issue 4, May 2020, 151417
 
Pathogenomics insights for understanding Pasteurella multocida adaptation
Author links open overlay panelRaquel Hurtado a b, Lenin Maturrano b, Vasco Azevedo a 1, Flávia Aburjaile a c 1
 
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438422120300278]

Latest revision as of 18:42, 17 August 2025

Pasteurella ("Snuffles")[edit | edit source]

Snuffles is the common name for *Pasteurella multocida*, a respiratory bacterial infection in rabbits. It presents with thick white or yellow mucus and strained, raspy breathing. There are two forms: Acute and Chronic. Over 80% of rabbits are carriers, as the bacterium can survive in the environment.

Etiology (Cause)[edit | edit source]

  • Caused by *Pasteurella multocida*, a Gram-negative bacterium
  • Highly prevalent in domestic and wild rabbit populations
  • Exists in two stages: Dormant Carrier and Active Infection
    • Dormant Carrier: No active symptoms; immune system suppresses bacterial activity
    • Active Infection: The rabbit becomes contagious and can develop Acute or Chronic disease

Clinical Signs[edit | edit source]

  • Persistent nasal mucus
  • Wet yellow-stained noses and paws
  • Raspy or strained breathing
  • Intermittent sneezing fits
  • Sore hocks
  • Lethargy and fatigue
  • Signs of pain
  • In chronic cases, lesions may develop on internal organs, and thick mucus may accumulate in body cavities

Treatment, Prevention, and Control[edit | edit source]

  • There is no on-label treatment for Pasteurella in rabbits.*
    • Off-Label Treatments:**
  • **Draxxin (Tulathromycin)**
 Appears most effective when administered at the first signs of sneezing or white mucus. Early intervention may eliminate infection within 72 hours. More trials are needed. Pilot study 2017:  
 [Efficacy of Tulathramycin in the Treatment of Respiratory Pasteurollosis in Rabbits, Edrees et al., 2017](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Efficacy-of-Tulathramycin-in-the-Treatment-of-in-Edrees-Abdellatief/be26b70bdee671eb3a4b0723e1a4a32409aef421) DOI:10.17582/JOURNAL.AAVS/2017/5.12.477.485
  • Barn trials showed ~95% effectiveness with a single dose; symptomatic rabbits received a second dose after 7 days for full clearance.
  • **Baytril (Enrofloxacin)**
 Effective for early-onset cases in 2014 trials:  
 [Alternative treatment of serious and mild Pasteurella multocida infection in New Zealand White rabbits, Palócz et al., 2014](https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-014-0276-6)
  • **β-Glucans**
 Prophylactic oral administration can protect against naturally acquired infection and extend survival time under higher challenge doses.
    • Management Notes:**
  • Acute infection can be survivable with therapeutic antibiotics, but rabbits remain contagious.
  • Chronic infection progresses to internal organ involvement and is often terminal.
  • Vaccination provides only variable protection; environmental control and early treatment are critical.

References[edit | edit source]

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