Difference between revisions of "Coccidia"

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=Coccidiosis in Rabbits (Eimeria spp.)=


Coccidiosis is a protozoal disease caused by ''Eimeria'' species in rabbits. It affects primarily the intestinal tract (intestinal coccidiosis) or liver (hepatic coccidiosis) and is most common in young or immunocompromised animals.


Symptoms of Coccidia are:
==Etiology (cause)==
Coccidiosis is caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the genus ''Eimeria''. The disease is transmitted via ingestion of sporulated oocysts present in contaminated food, water, or environment. 


Depression
* Common species: ''Eimeria stiedae'' (hepatic), ''Eimeria perforans'', ''Eimeria magna'', ''Eimeria media'' (intestinal) 
Anorexia
* Pathophysiology: After ingestion, sporozoites invade epithelial cells of the intestines or liver, multiply asexually and sexually, causing cellular destruction, inflammation, and in severe cases, systemic disease. 
Anemia
* Source: Coccidia of rabbit: A review. Folia Parasitologica. 2009;56(3):153–166. doi:[10.14411/fp.2009.019](https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2009.019)
Signs of pain such as hunching
Pale mucous membranes
Blood or mucous in the feces
Poor coat condition
Dehydration
Weight loss or poor weight gainor growth
In severe cases of intestinal coccidiosis intussusception, convulsions or paralysis or fatality may occur
In severe cases of hepatic coccidiosis weakness, liver damage, and bile duct damage may occur, followed by coma


==Clinical Signs==
Signs depend on the species affected and severity of infection:


Treatment for Coccidia infestation, Toltrazuril (Baycox®) should be used in more advanced cases as it will completely eradicate the parasites'.
* Depression and lethargy 
* Anorexia 
* Anemia and pale mucous membranes 
* Signs of pain, e.g., hunching or abdominal discomfort 
* Blood or mucus in feces (intestinal coccidiosis)
* Poor coat condition 
* Dehydration 
* Weight loss or poor growth 
* Severe intestinal infection: intussusception, convulsions, paralysis, or death 
* Severe hepatic infection: weakness, liver and bile duct damage, coma 


Symptoms of Coccidia are:
==Treatment, Prevention, and Control==
* **Drug class:** Antiprotozoal / Anticoccidial agent 
* **First-line treatment:** Toltrazuril (Baycox®) is the drug of choice in advanced or clinical cases. It eradicates ''Eimeria'' parasites. 
* **Dosage:** 20 mg/kg orally, concentration 5% (50 mg/mL), approximately 0.18 mL per pound. Administer with or without food. 
* **Precautions:** Avoid direct contact; wear gloves. Monitor for gastrointestinal upset. Contraindicated in patients allergic to toltrazuril or related compounds (e.g., ponazuril). Not approved in the US, may be legally imported by veterinarians. 


*Depression
**Supportive care:** Hydration, electrolyte support, and nutritional support for severely affected rabbits. 
*Anorexia
*Anemia
*Signs of pain such as hunching
*Pale mucous membranes
*Blood or mucous in the feces
*Poor coat condition
*Dehydration
*Weight loss or poor weight gainor growth
*In severe cases of intestinal coccidiosis intussusception, convulsions or paralysis or fatality may occur
*In severe cases of hepatic coccidiosis weakness, liver damage, and bile duct damage may occur, followed by coma


==Drug class:==
**Prevention and control:** 
Antiprotozoal/Anticoccidial Agent
* Maintain clean, dry housing and feeding areas 
* Minimize overcrowding 
* Remove feces frequently to reduce environmental oocyst load 
* Monitor young or immunocompromised rabbits closely 


https://file.medchemexpress.com/batch_PDF/HY-B0175/Toltrazuril-DataSheet-MedChemExpress.pdf
**References for treatment and pharmacokinetics:** 
https://cdn.brief.vet/web-files/PVD/drupal-uploads/files/VMG-Toltrazuril-2019-01-30-0421.pdf
* Toltrazuril treatment against coccidiosis: [PubMed 25286655](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25286655/) 
https://www.drugs.com/vet/baycox-toltrazuril-5-oral-suspension-can.html
* Amprolium and toltrazuril efficacy: [PubMed 29163644](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29163644/) 
* Pharmacokinetics in rabbits: [PubMed 20083354](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20083354/) 
* Eimeria stiedae experimental infection: [PubMed 18321485](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18321485/) 
* Novel oil-based suspension study: [PubMed 34597913](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34597913/) 
* Nanomicelle delivery system: [PubMed 29289823](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29289823/) 
* Comparison with sulphadimethoxine: [PubMed 20729515](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20729515/) 
* Antibody detection of toltrazuril: [PubMed 12790197](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12790197/) 
* Improved bioavailability study: [PubMed 20860101](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20860101/) 
* Herbal formulations in subclinical coccidiosis: [PubMed 24930248](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24930248/) 


 
==References==
==Dose:==
* Coccidia of rabbit: A review. Folia Parasitologica. 2009;56(3):153–166. doi:[10.14411/fp.2009.019](https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2009.019) 
Dosage is 20mg/kg.
* Baycox® Toltrazuril Data Sheet: [MedChemExpress](https://file.medchemexpress.com/batch_PDF/HY-B0175/Toltrazuril-DataSheet-MedChemExpress.pdf) 
Concentration is 5% or 50mg / mL which is equivalent to approximately .18ml/cc per pound.
* VMG-Toltrazuril 2019: [PDF](https://cdn.brief.vet/web-files/PVD/drupal-uploads/files/VMG-Toltrazuril-2019-01-30-0421.pdf) 
https://www.vgr1.com/toltrazuril/ dosage calculator
* Baycox 5% Oral Suspension Info: [Drugs.com](https://www.drugs.com/vet/baycox-toltrazuril-5-oral-suspension-can.html) 
 
* Dosage calculator: [vgr1.com](https://www.vgr1.com/toltrazuril/)
==Indications:==
Used to treat certain types of protozoal infections. Not currently available in the US, but may be legally imported by a
veterinarian.
May be given either with food or on an empty stomach. If your animal vomits or acts sick after receiving the drug on an empty
stomach, try giving the next dose with food or a small treat. If vomiting continues, contact your veterinarian.
Avoid direct contact with the medication; wear disposable gloves and wash hands after giving medication.
Appears to be well tolerated by many species of animals.
 
==Side Effects==
Side effects that usually are not serious include:
Stomach upset, vomiting, and diarrhea.
You don’t have to be overly concerned if you see any of these signs unless they are severe, worsen, or continue to be a problem.
Contact your veterinarian if this happens.
 
==During Pregnancy or Nursing==
 
 
==Patient Tips==
 
==Drug Interactions==
 
This drug SHOULD NOT be used in patients:
That are allergic to it or drugs like it(eg, ponazuril).
 
 
==Compare Alternatives==
 
 
Toltrazuril (Baycox) treatment against coccidiosis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25286655/
 
Evaluation of amprolium and toltrazuril efficacy in controlling natural intestinal rabbit coccidiosis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29163644/
 
Plasma disposition of toltrazuril and its metabolites, toltrazuril sulfoxide and toltrazuril sulfone, in rabbits after oral administration
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20083354/
 
 
Eimeria stiedae: experimental infection in rabbits and the effect of treatment with toltrazuril and ivermectin
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18321485/
 
Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites after oral and parenteral administration of novel oil-based suspension based on micro-environmental pH-modifying solid dispersion in rabbits
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34597913/
 
Toltrazuril mixed nanomicelle delivery system based on sodium deoxycholate-Brij C20 polyethylene ether-triton x100: Characterization, solubility, and bioavailability study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29289823/
 
Comparison of toltrazuril and sulphadimethoxine in the treatment of intestinal coccidiosis in pet rabbits
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20729515/
 
The production and characterisation of an antibody to detect the coccidiostat toltrazuril and its metabolite ponazuril
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12790197/
 
Pharmacokinetics and improved bioavailability of toltrazuril after oral administration to rabbits
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20860101/
 
Herbal formulations as feed additives in the course of rabbit subclinical coccidiosis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24930248/
 
 
 
==Referance==
Coccidia of rabbit: A review September 2009Folia Parasitologica 56(3):153-66 DOI:10.14411/fp.2009.019
SourcePubMed
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38009849_Coccidia_of_rabbit_A_review

Latest revision as of 00:32, 18 August 2025

Coccidiosis in Rabbits (Eimeria spp.)[edit | edit source]

Coccidiosis is a protozoal disease caused by Eimeria species in rabbits. It affects primarily the intestinal tract (intestinal coccidiosis) or liver (hepatic coccidiosis) and is most common in young or immunocompromised animals.

Etiology (cause)[edit | edit source]

Coccidiosis is caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. The disease is transmitted via ingestion of sporulated oocysts present in contaminated food, water, or environment.

  • Common species: Eimeria stiedae (hepatic), Eimeria perforans, Eimeria magna, Eimeria media (intestinal)
  • Pathophysiology: After ingestion, sporozoites invade epithelial cells of the intestines or liver, multiply asexually and sexually, causing cellular destruction, inflammation, and in severe cases, systemic disease.
  • Source: Coccidia of rabbit: A review. Folia Parasitologica. 2009;56(3):153–166. doi:[10.14411/fp.2009.019](https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2009.019)

Clinical Signs[edit | edit source]

Signs depend on the species affected and severity of infection:

  • Depression and lethargy
  • Anorexia
  • Anemia and pale mucous membranes
  • Signs of pain, e.g., hunching or abdominal discomfort
  • Blood or mucus in feces (intestinal coccidiosis)
  • Poor coat condition
  • Dehydration
  • Weight loss or poor growth
  • Severe intestinal infection: intussusception, convulsions, paralysis, or death
  • Severe hepatic infection: weakness, liver and bile duct damage, coma

Treatment, Prevention, and Control[edit | edit source]

  • **Drug class:** Antiprotozoal / Anticoccidial agent
  • **First-line treatment:** Toltrazuril (Baycox®) is the drug of choice in advanced or clinical cases. It eradicates Eimeria parasites.
  • **Dosage:** 20 mg/kg orally, concentration 5% (50 mg/mL), approximately 0.18 mL per pound. Administer with or without food.
  • **Precautions:** Avoid direct contact; wear gloves. Monitor for gastrointestinal upset. Contraindicated in patients allergic to toltrazuril or related compounds (e.g., ponazuril). Not approved in the US, may be legally imported by veterinarians.
    • Supportive care:** Hydration, electrolyte support, and nutritional support for severely affected rabbits.
    • Prevention and control:**
  • Maintain clean, dry housing and feeding areas
  • Minimize overcrowding
  • Remove feces frequently to reduce environmental oocyst load
  • Monitor young or immunocompromised rabbits closely

References[edit | edit source]

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