Difference between revisions of "Rabbit Feeding Guide"

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* Crowley EJ, King JM, Wilkinson T, Worgan HJ, Huson KM, Rose MT, McEwan NR. (2017). Comparison of the microbial population in rabbits and guinea pigs by next-generation sequencing. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0165779. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165779
* Crowley EJ, King JM, Wilkinson T, Worgan HJ, Huson KM, Rose MT, McEwan NR. (2017). Comparison of the microbial population in rabbits and guinea pigs by next-generation sequencing. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0165779. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165779
* Jenkins J., Brown S. (1993). *A Practitioner’s Guide to Rabbits and Ferrets*. [Publisher info if available]
* Jenkins J., Brown S. (1993). *A Practitioner’s Guide to Rabbits and Ferrets*. [Publisher info if available]
* [Link to ARBA Care Guides]
* [Link to ARBA Care Guides https://arba.net/arba-recommendations-for-the-care-of-rabbits-and-cavies/]
* [Link to World Rabbit Congress resources]
* [Link to World Rabbit Congress resources http://world-rabbit-science.com/]


=Pellet Feeding Recommendations=
= Pellet Feeding Recommendations =


[[File:RabbitFeeding-01.png|300px|thumb|right|Rabbits do best on a Complete Balanced Alfalfa Based Pellet. 16% protein, 15-20% Fiber.]]


[[File:RabbitFeeding-01.png|300px|thumb|right|Rabbits do best on a Complete Balanced Alfalfa Based Pellet. 16% protein, 15-20% Fiber.]]ARBA recommends feeding a completely balanced pellet as the main source of nutrition. The rule of thumb for selecting complete pellets for your rabbit should start with a baseline of 16% protein, 18% fiber, and grass or legume as the first ingredient.  Typically feed instructions will suggest you feed a measured amount to most adult rabbits rationed twice a day. Total daily intake should equal 1oz of pellet per lb of ideal adult body weight. Rabbits are crepuscular animals, active at dusk and dawn with a rest and digestion period during the day. ie:" A 10lb adult rabbit would receive 5oz of pellets in the morning and 5oz pellets at night.
The American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) recommends feeding a completely balanced pellet as the primary and main source of nutrition for domestic rabbits. When selecting a suitable pellet, it is important to use a baseline of approximately:


A completely balanced Pellet should make up between 80% and 100% of a rabbit's diet.
* 16% crude protein 
* 18% crude fiber 
* A grass or legume-based ingredient as the first listed component on the label 


Fresh veg should be limited to no more then 1 or 2 tablespoons total a day, and it is best to use these fresh plants in small quantities for their medicinal properties, or as a supplement than as a main nutrient source becuse they can unbalance the complete nutrition already in your pellet. Too much fresh fruit or vegetable matter can kill your rabbit by unbalancing their delicate hindgut functionality throwing them into a bacterial overload which leads to bloat and GI stasis.
These specifications help ensure that your rabbits receive sufficient nutrients for maintenance, growth, and reproductive performance.


Most feeding guidelines recommend providing pellets twice daily, with the total daily amount equaling approximately 1 ounce of pellets per pound of the rabbit’s ideal adult body weight. Rabbits are crepuscular by nature—most active during dawn and dusk—with periods of rest and digestion during the day. For example, a 10-pound adult rabbit would be fed roughly 5 ounces of pellets in the morning and another 5 ounces in the evening.


===Why is Oxbow not recommended?===
It is recommended that a completely balanced pellet constitute between 80% and 100% of a rabbit’s overall diet. This approach helps to ensure that the rabbit’s nutritional requirements are met in a consistent and controlled manner.


Oxbow lacks sufficient protein content and contains too much fiber. While rabbits that consume this feed may survive, they will not be healthy. The situation is analogous to a human diet consisting solely of junk food. While such a diet may sustain life, it is not conducive to optimal health. Rabbits require a minimum of 14%(DE) digestible protein energy to maintain their condition. This translates to a feed with a dry matter of 16%(DM) protein. A feed containing 14%(DM) dry matter protein provides only 12%(DE) digestible protein, which is sufficient to sustain a rabbit but not enough to build new hair and muscle. Rabbits fed such a diet will exhibit a flabby, wasted appearance and shed constantly. Fiber should not exceed 22% of a rabbit's diet based on a 16%(DM) dry matter feed. Therefore, if the protein content is reduced, the fiber content must be further reduced. For example, an Oxbow formula containing 14%(DM) dry matter protein and 25% fiber will further reduce the bioavailability of essential nutrients, resulting in only 9%(DE) of the protein being available to the rabbit, which can lead to malnutrition. We currently feed ADM Pen Pals 16% because it contains no whole or ground corn and is properly balanced for all life stages. Other suitable feeds include Small World 16% by Manna Pro, Kambalch 16%, Rowe 16%, Hienold Commercial or Wool formula, and Pen Pals 16%. The recommended feed is alfalfa-based with a minimum of 16%(DM) dry matter protein and a fiber content between 15% and 22%. While whole corn should be avoided, corn distillers is acceptable because it contains only the pure protein center, and the carbohydrates and hull have been removed. .
Fresh vegetables and greens should be limited to no more than one or two tablespoons total per day. These fresh plants are best used in small quantities for their supplemental or medicinal properties rather than as a primary nutrient source. Feeding excessive fresh fruits or vegetables can disrupt the delicate balance of the rabbit’s hindgut flora and motility, which may result in bacterial overgrowth, gastrointestinal stasis, and potentially fatal bloat.


== Why is Oxbow not recommended? ==


==Nuanced Feeding recommendations :==
Oxbow is one of the most widely marketed rabbit pellet brands and is often promoted by the House Rabbit Society. However, Oxbow’s formulation tends to have lower protein levels and higher fiber content than what is considered optimal for rabbit health. While rabbits fed Oxbow pellets may survive, their long-term health and condition often suffer.


===Feeding Nursing and Pregnant Does===
To put this in perspective, a rabbit’s diet must provide a minimum of 14% digestible protein energy (DE) to maintain condition and support normal metabolic functions. This generally translates to a feed containing about 16% crude protein on a dry matter (DM) basis. A pellet containing only 14% crude protein DM provides closer to 12% DE protein, which is barely enough to sustain life, let alone promote growth or healthy fur and muscle maintenance.


Rabbits consuming diets low in digestible protein often develop a flabby, wasted body condition and exhibit constant shedding or poor coat quality. In addition, fiber levels in the diet should not exceed approximately 22% to prevent the dilution of essential nutrients. If the protein content decreases, the fiber content should decrease proportionally. For example, an Oxbow formula with 14% crude protein and 25% fiber will have a further reduced bioavailability of essential nutrients, with only about 9% DE protein effectively available to the animal, leading to malnutrition and poor health outcomes.


Nursing and Pregnant animals have a higher protein requirement while growing fetal kits. It is recommended that the Doe be kept on a regular feed ration for the first 2 weeks of pregnancy, but the feed should be gradually switched from a 16% maintenance diet to an 18% production diet. When the Does enter the 3rd week of pregnancy feed can be increased. After the Doe gives birth to a successful litter she should be allowed to free feed having a quality 18% pellet in front of her at all time until the kits are weaned, and she may remain on this diet until she has fully regained condition.  
For these reasons, feeds such as ADM Pen Pals 16%, which contains no whole or ground corn and is balanced for all life stages, are preferred. Other recommended brands or formulations include:
Some Feed Additives that are safe and recommended to add to a nursing Does diet to help increase milk production are, Steam Rolled or Old fashioned Oats, Calf Mana, and Black oil sunflower seeds,  measured  1/2 to 1 Teaspoon of each mixed into a separate bowl to prevent digging out the feed and wasting pellets.


Other safe supplements are bananas, the fruit only, for pregnant does, and bananas with peel for nursing Does, the size of the chunk should be limited to no more than a penny cut 1 inch thick slice, once a day from a medium-sized banana, extra huge banana limited to 1/2 inch. Bananas are high in Potassium and sugar that can help boost a pregnant animal's nutrient intake during the late stages of kit development. Banana Peels can induce labor/contractions so should not be given until right at or after birth. Another helpful supplement for your pregnant and nursing Doe is Tums, Tums either plain or fruit flavored contain calcium that can help boost milk production, Rabbits can have 1 or 2 a day for the first few days as their milk is first coming in, and 1 a day or every few days can be supplemented as a treat through nursing.
* Small World 16% by Manna Pro 
* Kambalch 16% 
* Rowe 16% 
* Hienold Commercial or Wool Formula  
* Pen Pals 16%


*Foods to avoid in Pregnant and nursing animals :
These recommended pellets are typically alfalfa-based and contain a minimum of 16% crude protein DM with fiber content ranging between 15% and 22%. It is also advisable to avoid feeds containing whole corn kernels, which provide poor-quality nutrition. However, corn distillers, which contain the protein-rich germ without the hull or starch, are acceptable as an ingredient.
**Mint and any plants in the mint family, these plants will dry up milk and decrease production. It is fine to give mint to a Doe who has lost her litter and will not be used as a foster, or to one after 8 weeks to help dry her back up for her next breeding.  
**Banana Peel should be avoided in pregnant animals, as it can cause contractions, but is safe to give after or during labor.


== Nuanced Feeding Recommendations ==


=== Feeding Nursing and Pregnant Does ===


===Feeding Weanling Rabbits from 8 weeks to 20 weeks===
Nursing and pregnancy have significantly increased protein and energy requirements to support fetal growth and subsequent milk production. For the first two weeks of pregnancy, it is generally recommended to maintain the doe on a standard maintenance diet containing about 16% protein.


Starting in the third week of pregnancy, the diet should be gradually transitioned to a higher protein ratio, around 18%, to meet the increased nutritional demands. Once the doe has given birth and is nursing kits, she should be allowed free access to a high-quality 18% protein pellet to support continued milk production and recovery.


Animals of this age should be free fed a higher protein (17% to 20%) Complete Pellet since their bodies are growing.
Several safe and effective feed additives can be included in the diet of nursing does to enhance milk yield. These include:


===Feeding Adult Non-producing Rabbits===
* Steam-rolled or traditional old-fashioned oats 
* Calf manna 
* Black oil sunflower seeds 


Non-producing animals can be fed according to need, Protein between 15% or 17% are acceptable and will suit most animals needs. Make sure the pellet has a minimum of 15% fiber.  Non-producing and pet animals can be on a timothy or alfalfa based pellet. Other bases may be available but grass or legume hay-based pellets are preferred. Try to avoid pellets that use grain as a base.
These supplements should be offered in small quantities—generally half to one teaspoon per feeding—in a separate bowl to avoid contamination or waste of pellets.


Total daily intake should equal 1oz of pellet per lb of ideal adult body weight. Rabbits are crepuscular animals, active at dusk and dawn with a rest and digestion period during the day. ie:" a 10lb adult rabbit would receive 5oz of pellets in the morning and 5oz pellets at night.
Bananas (fruit only, no peel) can be offered to pregnant does in limited amounts to provide a natural source of potassium and sugars, which are beneficial during the late stages of fetal development. For nursing does, small amounts of banana peel can also be given, but care must be taken as the peel contains compounds that may induce uterine contractions. Therefore, banana peel should never be given to does before or during pregnancy but can be safely provided immediately after birth.


===Conditioning Show Rabbits===
Additionally, Tums (either plain or fruit-flavored) can serve as a calcium supplement to nursing does. One or two Tums daily for the first few days postpartum can help boost calcium availability for milk production, with occasional supplementation continuing through the nursing period.


[[File:FINISHING MIX-01.png|300px|thumb|right|Diet can be amended for different life stages and for special conditioning]]
*Foods to avoid during pregnancy and nursing:* 
** Plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae) should be avoided as they may dry up milk production. They can be given to does only after litter loss or post-weaning when drying up the doe.
** Banana peel must be avoided during pregnancy due to its potential to induce contractions, but it is safe after kindling.


=== Feeding Weanling Rabbits (8 to 20 weeks) ===


* Coat Finisher supplement high in Vit E and higher fat content, BOS (Black Oil sunflower seed)  is frequently used to boost these two  items.  
Weanlings are in a rapid growth phase and require a diet higher in protein to support development. They should be fed a complete pellet containing between 17% and 20% protein and given free access to ensure adequate intake.


* Muscle and flesh Conditioner, Proteins boosters, typically Whey, Rolled Oats and Barley are used to help condition muscle and firmness of flesh.
=== Feeding Adult Non-Producing Rabbits ===


* Digestive Aid : increases uptake of nutrients. A few common supplements that assist in are Papaya enzyme, which will also help break down ingested wool and fur during shedding season. Fiber in the form of Grass hays , Beet pulp shreds, *keep amounts small high in sugar. Shredded Plain Pumpkin.
Adult rabbits not involved in breeding, gestation, or lactation have more moderate nutritional requirements. Protein levels between 15% and 17% are generally sufficient, provided the pellet contains a minimum of 15% fiber.


=== Other Feed Additives ===
Pellets for non-producing adults can be based on timothy or alfalfa hay. Avoid pellets with a grain-based ingredient list, as these are less suitable for optimal rabbit health.


====Proteins====
Daily intake guidelines remain at approximately 1 ounce of pellets per pound of ideal body weight, divided into two feedings per day. For example, a 10-pound adult rabbit would receive approximately 5 ounces of pellets in the morning and 5 ounces in the evening.


While a cheaper  maintenance feed can sustain a rabbit on 12%-15% protein for nonproductive animals, a Ration of 16% will give best results on overall health and condition of the Rabbit. It is worth a little extra cost to feed a rabbit a slightly higher protein balanced maintenance feed.
=== Conditioning Show Rabbits ===
Although protein is an expensive part of the ration, rabbits can be fed higher levels of protein than those required for the type or stage of the rabbit if the ration is adequate in other nutrients. Therefore, it can be easier to use a
single ration for all stages of rabbit production. [https://www.canr.msu.edu/resources/rabbit_tracks_feeds_and_feeding Rabbit Tracks: Feeds and Feeding April 24, 2017 - Author: Michigan State University Extension ]
 
 
*Corn Distillers: Do not confuse feed corn with corn distillers. Distillers is the pure protein centers of corn after the brewing process eats all the sugars out of it.  When the studies on corn started coming out it created a better understanding of how those break down into sugars... and sugars cause bad bacterial gut blooms that cause bloat , GI stasis and death.
 
 
*Soybean :
conclusion from this study don't use CowPea, it will destroy the kidneys and New Zealand's absolutely fail on it. Soybean can be used safely as a sole or additive source of proteins .
 
The results observed in this study indicate the superiority of soybean over pigeon pea and cowpea as sole sources of protein in rabbit rations. The study further demonstrated that pigeon pea was superior to cowpea as a sole source of protein in
rabbit rations. The study has also indicated that even though soybean has been observed to be more effective than pigeon pea and cowpea as a protein supplement, pigeon pea can replace soybean without adversely affecting the performance of
rabbits. Results of this study suggest that the variety of cowpea used in these experiments is not suitable as a sole source of protein in rabbit rations because of its high tannin content.
Donald Chisowa
[https://www.academia.edu/11351185/Evaluation_of_soybean_Glycine_max_cowpea_Vigna_unguiculata_and_pigeon_pea_Cajanus_cajan_as_sole_sources_of_proteins_for_growing_rabbits?email_work_card=title Evaluation of soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) as sole sources of proteins for growing rabbits]
 
====Fat====
*oils
*Black Oil Sunflower seeds
 
====Carbs====
* [https://mmcrabbits.com/BCWiki/index.php/Corn Corn*]
**Do not feed whole or cracked corn to rabbits, certain corn by-products and feed derivatives  are ok, but not the kernels. Rabbits can not digest the  whole or cracked kernels and it will cause a sugar over load in the hind gut leading to bloat and GI stais .**
 
*Oats
*Beet Pulp Shreds
 
====Fiber====
 
The digestion of fibre in the rabbit was subjected to several recent reviews (GIDENNE, 1996;
GIDENNE et al., 1998d; DE BLAS et al., 1999), as the dietary fibre supply is implicated in the
prevention of the digestive disorders (GIDENNE, 1997). However, the favourable effect of fibres with
respect to resistance to pathogenic agents was clearly shown only recently (LICOIS and GIDENNE,
1999). In 2000, the same team has also clearly demonstrated the interaction between the initial
health status of the animal (SPF vs conventional) and the reaction to low fibre feeds: the higher the
initial health status, the lower the digestive disorders frequency (BENNEGADI et al., 2000)
On the other hand, a high fibre supply leads to an energy dilution of the diet. The animal thus
attempts to increase its feed intake to satisfy energetic needs, and the feed conversion is reduced.
<b>When the dietary fibre level is very high (>25% ADF), the animal cannot increase its intake
sufficiently to meet its energetic needs, thus leading to a lower growth rate. </b>
<i>~ F. Lebas & T. Gidenne «Recent research advances in rabbit nutrition» page 4 </i>
 
 
 
Feeds to increase fiber
*beet Pulp Shreds
*Timothy


[[File:FINISHING MIX-01.png|300px|thumb|right|Diet can be amended for different life stages and for special conditioning]]


Show rabbits often require specialized dietary adjustments depending on the life stage or conditioning goals. Some common dietary supplements used to optimize coat quality, muscle tone, and digestive health include:


Notes to review:
* **Coat Finishers:** Supplements rich in vitamin E and fat are often used to improve coat luster and texture. Black oil sunflower seeds (BOS) are a popular natural source of these nutrients. 
* **Muscle and Flesh Conditioners:** Protein boosters such as whey powder, rolled oats, and barley may be added to the diet to promote muscle development and firmness of flesh, particularly before shows. 
* **Digestive Aids:** Enzymatic supplements like papaya enzyme powder assist in nutrient absorption and can help break down ingested wool or fur during shedding seasons. 
* **Fiber Supplements:** Small amounts of grass hays and beet pulp shreds can be offered to support gut motility and health. However, be mindful that beet pulp can be high in sugars, so quantities should be kept small. Shredded plain pumpkin is also used as a mild fiber supplement and digestive aid.


https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7054611/
= Other Feed Additives =


https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjn.2019.101.108#:~:text=If%20the%20composition%20of%20fiber,stress%2Dinducing%20digestive%20system%20disorders.
== Proteins ==
"If the composition of fiber feed is not homogenous in terms of particle size (i.e., the feed particles are different sizes), the proportion of the lignin content will be increased. The need for fiber particles in feed increased and was positively correlated with the presence of lignin7. In general, the size of the fiber particles for rabbits ranges from 0.5-1.5 mm before pellets are made. The particle size of the feed affects digestion and is essential for motility in the rabbit gut8. Particle size can cause a decrease in the quality of nutrients and promote stress-inducing digestive system disorders."
Rabbits require adequate protein for maintenance, growth, and reproduction. While maintenance feeds with 12%-15% protein can sustain non-producing rabbits, a balanced ration containing around 16% protein produces better overall health and condition. Providing a single feed with sufficient protein for all life stages is often easier for management.


* Corn Distillers: Do not confuse whole or cracked corn with corn distillers, which are the protein-rich remnants after fermentation removes sugars. Sugars promote harmful bacterial overgrowth leading to bloat and GI stasis, so avoiding whole corn kernels is critical.


* Soybean: Studies show soybean is a superior protein source compared to cowpea or pigeon pea for growing rabbits. Cowpea varieties with high tannin content may harm kidneys and are not recommended as sole protein sources.


"The interaction between the NDF concentration and fiber particle size had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the cumulative mortality of NZW crossbred rabbits from 5-12 weeks of age. The F2P2 and F3P2 treatment combinations showed the lowest mortality rates (0%) (Table 2). The average mortality in all treatment groups up to 12 weeks of age was 19.44%. The results in this study showed that the highest mortality occurred at 8 and 9 weeks of age. The mortality in the F1P2 and F2P3 treatment groups at 9 weeks of age was 18.75% and the total mortality rate in all treatment groups was 6.25% (Table 2). The treatment group with the lowest NDF level (F1) showed the highest mortality rate (14.58%) at 8 weeks of age and the average mortality rate in all NDF feed grade groups was 6.94% (Table 2).
== Fat ==
Fats provide concentrated energy and are important for coat and skin health. Common fat sources include oils and black oil sunflower seeds, which also supply essential fatty acids and vitamin E.


Fiber particle size had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the number of leukocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils in NZW crossbred rabbits that were in the postweaning period. Increases in fiber particle size could increase leukocyte levels from 3.83-6.57×109 dL–1, eosinophil levels from 0.04-0.07×109 L–1 and neutrophil levels from 2.18-3.96×109 L–1 in rabbits in the postweaning period. These values were above the normal standards (Table 2).
== Carbohydrates ==
Carbohydrates provide energy, but care must be taken to avoid simple sugars that disrupt gut flora.


The interaction between the NDF level and fiber particle size had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the number of lymphocytes in postweaning period rabbits, with the mean of 1.66×109 L–1, although this value was still within the normal range (0.8-6.5×109 L–1) (Table 2).
* Corn: Whole or cracked corn kernels should never be fed to rabbits. However, certain corn by-products (like corn distillers) are acceptable when used correctly.


The NDF level and fiber particle size each had a significant main effect (p>0.05) on the number of E. coli bacteria in the contents of the caecum, with an average of 3.01×109 CFU mL–1 during the NZW rabbit postweaning period but there was no interaction. Level F1 showed the highest average value of E. coli bacterial contamination at 3.37×109 CFU mL–1. Level P2 showed the lowest average E. coli bacterial contamination value at 2.70×109 CFU mL–1 (Table 3)."
* Oats and Beet Pulp Shreds: These are common carbohydrate sources that also provide some fiber.
"CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the mortality rate up to the 12th week of development in NZW rabbits was 19.44%. The treatment combinations F3P2 and F2P2 showed the lowest mortality rate (0%), as well as low E. coli infections of 2.55and 2.70×109 CFU mL–1, respectively. This result showed that there was a relationship between mortality and E. coli infection. The feed treatment affected the hematological values of rabbits in the postweaning period. Differences in infection rates and stress in postweaning period rabbits were also observed as a response to differences in feed. This study showed that feed affected mortality, immunity, hematology and stress status of rabbits in the postweaning period. The F3P2 treatment combination was the best feed tested in this study."


====Enzymes====
== Fiber ==
Fiber is crucial for maintaining healthy digestive motility and preventing gut disorders. The quality and particle size of fiber directly influence gut health and immune function.


====Supplements====
* Excessively high fiber (>25% Acid Detergent Fiber) dilutes dietary energy and reduces growth rates because rabbits cannot consume enough feed to compensate.


=Hay Feeding recommendations and balancing :=
* Studies indicate that fiber particle size affects mortality, immunity, and gut bacteria populations in rabbits, with heterogeneous particle sizes increasing lignin content and digestive stress.


Common fiber sources include timothy hay and beet pulp shreds, which help maintain optimal gut function.


"There is a vast difference in the nutritional value of hay, depending on the type of hay, the quality of forage prior to preparation and the type of and manner of the curing process of hay."
== Enzymes ==
Dr. T.E.Reed, Rabbit Specialist
Enzymatic supplements can aid digestion, especially during periods of stress or dietary transition. These include papaya enzyme and other proteolytic enzymes.


This is a limited listing of commonly fed Rabbit hays , for a FULL list of forage types please see [https://www.feedipedia.org/] Feedipedia which is an excellent breakdown of advanced nutritional breakdown including granular analysis of each feed type including hays , grasses Legumes forage, and grains. The following is a quick list of various Forages and their nutrient breakdowns.  
== Supplements ==
Additional supplements may be used to address specific nutritional needs or to support reproductive performance, coat condition, or digestive health. These are best used judiciously and tailored to the animal's life stage and condition.


== Notes and References ==
* See detailed reviews on fiber digestion and its effects on rabbit health (Gidenne 1996, De Blas 1999, Licois & Gidenne 1999, Bennegadi et al. 2000).
* Particle size and fiber content significantly affect mortality, immune response, and gut bacterial populations (source: https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjn.2019.101.108).
* Avoid feeding whole or cracked corn kernels; use corn distillers cautiously.


===Timothy===
== Common Types of Hay and Their Nutritional Profiles ==
[https://www.feedipedia.org/node/16886 Phleum pratense L.] [Poaceae]
Average
*Protein      :% DM 13.8 <- best case scenario, typically store bought Timothy that has been sitting for months has a protein of between 3%-9%
*Fiber        :% DM 31.8
*Carbohydrates :% DM 4.7 -10.9


Rabbits
=== Timothy Hay (Phleum pratense L.) ===
Timothy hay has long been recommended to provide fibre, in addition to concentrate feeds, in rabbit diets for smallholder rabbit meat production (Cassady et al., 1966; Schlolaut et al., 1995), and more recently for pet rabbit maintenance (McNitt et al., 2013). Contrary to alfalfa hay, timothy hay cannot support maintenance in adults when used as the sole feed (Richards et al., 1962; Uden et al., 1982). However, it has been possible to include timothy hay up to 60 or even 75% in balanced diets without causing health problems (Keener et al., 1958; Uden et al., 1982). <b>The nutritional value of timothy hay for rabbits is not very high. Estimations of the digestible energy content range from 5.8 to 6.2 MJ/kg. Protein digestibility is low: 62% for early cut young timothy grass (crude protein 17% DM) and 42-47% for mature hays (crude protein less than 6% DM) (Voris et al., 1940; Richards et al., 1962). In addition, it must be pointed out that as for most Poaceae the lysine content of timothy protein is very low and covers only 70% of the lysine requirements of growing rabbits.</b> The very low calcium content of timothy hay (0.33% on average) can be advantageous or unfavourable, depending on the calcium content of the other diet ingredients.
* Protein: ~3–13.8% DM (varies with storage and age)
* Fiber: ~31.8% DM
* Carbohydrates: 4.7–10.9% DM


===Alfalfa ===
Timothy hay is popular for fiber supplementation but cannot support adult rabbits alone due to low protein and energy digestibility. Its lysine content is low, meeting only about 70% of growing rabbits' needs. Calcium content is low (~0.33%), which can be either advantageous or limiting depending on the overall diet.
[https://www.feedipedia.org/node/275 Medicago sativa L.] [Fabaceae]


Average
=== Alfalfa Hay (Medicago sativa L.) ===
*Protein       :% DM 18.3
* Protein: ~18.3% DM
*Fiber         :% DM 28.6
* Fiber: ~28.6% DM
*Carbohydrates :% DM 4.5
* Carbohydrates: ~4.5% DM


"Alfalfa hay is of utmost importance in rabbit diets (Villamide et al., 2009). Alfalfa hay is highly palatable to rabbits (de Blas et al., 2010). Recommended inclusion levels are not consistent among authors and vary from 20% up to 96%, with a majority of recommendations in the range of 30-40% (de Blas et al., 2010; Fernandez-Carmona et al., 1998; Gippert et al., 1988; Harris et al., 1981 and Cheeke et al., 1972 cited by Fernandez-Carmona et al., 1998).
Alfalfa is highly palatable and widely used as a fiber and protein source. It promotes digestive motility and caecal flora balance. Inclusion recommendations vary but typically fall between 20–40%. High inclusion levels (>80%) have shown mortality reduction in some studies but may risk calcium overload in adults. Protein digestibility is moderate, limiting support for very rapid growth.


Alfalfa hay is the most widely used fibre source in rabbit diets: it provides long and digestible fibre, thus promoting adequate transit time for the digesta and a balanced growth of the caecal flora (de Blas et al., 2010). Alfalfa hay inclusion decreases caecal pH and favors caecal fermentation (Garcia et al., 2005). Alfalfa hay should be coarsely ground in order to preserve its ballast function and to enhance intestinal motility (Mateos et al., 1989). An excessive substitution of alfalfa hay with highly lignified sources of fibre has deleterious effects on energy digestibility and caecal fermentative activity (Garcia et al., 2000; Garcia et al., 1999); it may hamper average daily gain and feed efficiency (Motta et al., 1996; Parigi-Bini et al., 1980). Substituting short fibre feeds such as paprika meal, sugar beet pulp or soybean hulls for alfalfa had deleterious effects on the performance of fattening, lactating and suckling rabbits. It decreased the weight gains of fattening rabbits by 6%, milk production by 13% and litter weight by 18%. This lower performance was due to lower feed efficiency as the proportion of large fibre (from alfalfa) decreased. Large fibre proportion in rabbit diets should not drop below 21%, corresponding in this case, to a minimal level of 15% alfalfa in the diet (Nicodemus et al., 2006).
=== Red Clover Hay ===
* Protein: ~18.7% DM
* Fiber: ~27.4% DM
* Carbohydrates: ~13% DM


As a source of energy, alfalfa cannot fully meet the growth requirements of commercial rabbits, mainly because of its physiological limitation in ingestion (Fernandez-Carmona et al., 1998).
Red clover hay can safely replace alfalfa up to 30% without adverse effects on growth or mortality.
 
Alfalfa hay is also a valuable source of protein (25% of the dietary protein) though its nutritive value varies greatly, depending on several factors such as the harvesting and drying process or plant maturity at harvest. Though alfalfa protein content is sufficient to meet rabbit requirements, the low digestibility of alfalfa protein makes it unsuitable for sustaining high growth rates (Fernandez-Carmona et al., 1998). The apparent digestibility of faecal protein of alfalfa hay is about 21% that of soybean meal value and its methionine content is 42% that of soybean meal one (Villamide et al., 2010). In tropical regions, where alfalfa is not readily grown, other protein sources such as bambara groundnut can be used instead (Aganga et al., 2005).
 
Due to heavy fertilizer applications, feeding alfalfa to rabbits may result in excess K (Mateos et al., 2010). Alfalfa hay is rich in calcium: this may be an advantage during the growth period but it should be limited or avoided in adult rabbits (Lowe, 2010). Alfalfa is also an excellent source of most of B vitamins, carotene, E vitamin and K vitamin (Mateos et al., 2010).
 
High levels of alfalfa hay (88% and 96%) decreased rabbit mortality by 13.6% and 10.3% respectively (Fernandez-Carmona et al., 1998)."
 
 
===Red Clover Hay===
Average
*Protein      :% DM 18.7
*Fiber        :% DM 27.4
*Carbohydrates :% DM 13
 
 
https://www.feedipedia.org/node/246
"Red clover hay introduced at up to 30% in balanced diets in place of alfalfa meal (0, 33, 66 or 100% replacement) did not alter growth, digestibility and mortality (Grandi et al., 1988), indicating that red clover hay could be used safely in complete diets for rabbit feeding."
 
 
===Oat forage ===
[https://www.feedipedia.org/node/500 Avena sativa L.] [Poaceae]
 
Average
*Protein      :% DM 9.1
*Fiber        :% DM 34.0
*Carbohydrates :% DM 17.7


=== Oat Forage (Avena sativa L.) ===
* Protein: ~9.1% DM
* Fiber: ~34% DM
* Carbohydrates: ~17.7% DM


=== Grass Hay ===
=== Grass Hay ===
Includes timothy, brome, orchard grass, tall fescue, bermuda grass.


Catch all: Grass hay comes from a variety of sources  timothy, brome, orchard grass, tall fescue, and bermudagrass. It contains lower levels of carbohydrates, protein, vitamins and minerals than legume hay. Grass hay is very high in fiber. Because grass hay contains fewer nutrients, it may be necessary to supplement your livestock’s diet to ensure its nutritional needs are being met.
* Typically high fiber, low protein, vitamins, and minerals compared to legumes.
*Protein      :% DM
* Nutritional content varies widely by species and harvest conditions.
*Fiber        :% DM
*Carbohydrates :% DM


=== Mixed Grass/Legume Hay ===
* Combines benefits of legumes (protein, minerals) and grasses (fiber).
* Balanced mixes (e.g., 1/3 grass to 2/3 legume) optimize nutrition and yield.


===Mixed Grass/Legume Hay ===
=== Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.) ===
Legume and grass hay blends offer the best of both worlds and help bring nutritional balance to hay. Not only do these mixes provide a more well-rounded diet, but growing them together often
* Protein: ~9.8% DM
produces more forage than growing a legume or grass alone. When considering establishing a legume/grass hayfield, aim for a field containing around 1/3 grass to 2/3 legume. There are several
* Fiber: ~31.3% DM
excellent combinations to plant. Some of the more popular combinations are orchardgrass/alfalfa and tall fescue/alfalfa. These mixed hays are readily eaten and healthy for all types of livestock.
* Carbohydrates: ~0.8% DM
[https://www.naturesseed.com/blog/which-pasture-plants-make-the-best-hay/#:~:text=Grass%20hay%20also%20comes%20from,is%20very%20high%20in%20fiber. hay]
*Protein      :% DM
*Fiber         :% DM
*Carbohydrates :% DM


=Rabbit Snacks and Treats =


===Bermuda grass ===
[https://www.feedipedia.org/node/471 Cynodon dactylon Pers.] [Poaceae]


*Protein      :% DM 9.8
*Fiber        :% DM 31.3
*Carbohydrates :% DM 0.8


==hay videos==
[https://mmcrabbits.com/BCWiki/index.php/Recipes_to_Make_Treats_For_Rabbits Recipe page:]


https://www.tiktok.com/@dominothespotcat/video/7139937962263022894?_t=8VSUBshbIxG&_r=1
= Debunked Studies Whose Information Is Still Used as “Evidence” for House Rabbit Society Propaganda =


=== Preference of rabbits for drinking from open dishes versus nipple drinkers ===
*Tschudin, A; Clauss, M; Codron, D; Hatt, J-M.*
*The Veterinary Record; London Vol. 168, Iss. 7 (Feb 19, 2011): 190*
\[[https://www.proquest.com/openview/aab930d5ae37a871a6db58254da14fdb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar\&cbl=2041027\&fbclid=IwAR231sEmTCZBjH9nE5l6q1mFN-Hb9dXPREmaXCS279ipOCuc4BZDUXeJGtQ](https://www.proquest.com/openview/aab930d5ae37a871a6db58254da14fdb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2041027&fbclid=IwAR231sEmTCZBjH9nE5l6q1mFN-Hb9dXPREmaXCS279ipOCuc4BZDUXeJGtQ)]


https://www.tiktok.com/@dominothespotcat/video/7139910883932654891?_t=8VSUCWs9s55&_r=1
This study has been widely discredited and subsequently removed from platforms like ResearchGate and PubMed. The primary reason is the extremely small sample size: only **12 dwarf rabbits total**, which is insufficient to draw any meaningful, statistically valid conclusions. Despite this, the study’s findings are still sometimes cited as if they were definitive proof of rabbits’ drinking preferences, which is misleading.
---


https://www.tiktok.com/@dominothespotcat/video/7139541620420054314?_t=8VSUDNJgg15&_r=1
=== Questionable Sources on House Rabbit Society (HRS) Care Pages ===


https://www.tiktok.com/@dominothespotcat/video/7139182140431846699?_t=8VSUGY1PbEk&_r=1
The House Rabbit Society care pages cite **three main sources** at the bottom of their nutrition and care articles. However, none of these sources provide peer-reviewed research or studies specifically supporting their claims. Instead, the citations lean heavily on credentials or opinion pieces with no empirical backing:


https://www.tiktok.com/@dominothespotcat/video/7124482741818641710?_t=8VSUKkABG1b&_r=1
* Dr. Susan Smith, Ph.D., Professor of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison
* Dr. Micah Kohles, DVM, MPA, Oxbow Animal Health
* Dr. Peter G. Fisher, DVM, Dipl ABVP (Exotic Companion Mammal), Pet Care Veterinary Hospital


---


=== Dr. Susan Smith, Ph.D. — University of Wisconsin-Madison ===
\[[https://sph.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/112/2016/07/Susan\_Smith\_CV.pdf](https://sph.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/112/2016/07/Susan_Smith_CV.pdf) CV]


Dr. Smith served on the House Rabbit Society’s National Board of Directors from 2002 to 2010 and has presented at their conferences and written lay opinion articles. Yet, she has no published research on rabbits and no peer-reviewed work on rabbit nutrition or health. Her rabbit involvement appears limited solely to her HRS board role. However:


* She has **no published research studies involving rabbits**.
* No peer-reviewed papers on rabbit nutrition or health.
* Her rabbit-related involvement appears to be exclusively as part of the HRS board.


== Quick links to Hay Resources ==
This fact underscores the HRS’s own stance: they are primarily an activist organization, not a science-based authority. By using Dr. Smith’s academic title to back their advice without supporting research, HRS highlights their reliance on advocacy over rigorous scientific evidence.
[https://www.feedipedia.org/node/16886 Timothy ]
 
[https://extension.psu.edu/understanding-a-hay-analysis Understanding a Hay Analysis]
 
[https://extadmin.ifas.ufl.edu/media/extadminifasufledu/cflag/image/docs/fl-equine-institute/2006/SelectingHay.pdf Selecting Hay for Your Horse ]
Lori K. Warren, PhD, PAS Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida
 
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5606619/ Shape Variation in the Craniomandibular System and Prevalence of Dental Problems in Domestic Rabbits: A Case Study in Evolutionary Veterinary Science]
Vet Sci. 2017 Mar; 4(1): 5.  Published online 2017 Jan 24. doi: 10.3390/vetsci4010005  PMCID: PMC5606619      PMID: 29056664
 
[https://www.agdaily.com/crops/list-of-types-of-hay-found-us/ List of hay found in US]
 
[https://tributeequinenutrition.com/articles/whats-difference-between-grass-and-legume-forages Differences between Grass and Legume forages]
 
[https://www.hobbyfarms.com/all-hay-is-not-equal-choose-your-livestocks-carefully/  All Hay Is Not Equal: Choose Your Livestock’s Carefully]
 
=Rabbit Snacks and Treats =
 
 
 
[https://mmcrabbits.com/BCWiki/index.php/Recipes_to_Make_Treats_For_Rabbits Recipe page:]
 
=Debunked Studies whose info is still used as "evidence" for House Rabbit society Propaganda:=
 
[https://www.proquest.com/openview/aab930d5ae37a871a6db58254da14fdb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2041027&fbclid=IwAR231sEmTCZBjH9nE5l6q1mFN-Hb9dXPREmaXCS279ipOCuc4BZDUXeJGtQ Preference of rabbits for drinking from open dishes versus nipple drinkers ]
Tschudin, A; Clauss, M; Codron, D; Hatt, J-M.The Veterinary Record; London Vol. 168, Iss. 7,  (Feb 19, 2011): 190.
 
This study was widely discredited, and removed from ResearchGate, and PubMed , becuse the sample size was 12 dwarf rabbits total. Not large enough sample to gather any conclusive evidence.
 


---


=== Dr. Micah Kohles, DVM, MPA — Oxbow Animal Health ===


Dr. Kohles co-authored a study titled:
*“The Effect of Feed Form on Diet Digestibility and Cecal Parameters in Rabbits”* (December 2017)
[[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321658593\_The\_Effect\_of\_Feed\_Form\_on\_Diet\_Digestibility\_and\_Cecal\_Parameters\_in\_Rabbits](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321658593_The_Effect_of_Feed_Form_on_Diet_Digestibility_and_Cecal_Parameters_in_Rabbits)]


Also questionable Sources on the House Rabbit society care pages House Rabbit Society cites three sources for their information  at the bottom of their care page, they cite zero studies, and  zero research, you are expected to take what they post as gospel with no reviewable sources to back it up. it is there for not academic but a op-ed opinion piece.  :
Key issues with this study:


*Dr. Susan Smith, Ph.D., Professor of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
* Sample size of **only 15 New Zealand rabbits**, divided into three groups of five.
*Dr. Micah Kohles, DVM, MPA, Oxbow Animal Health
* Experimental period followed a 45-day acclimation plus 30-day feeding trial.
*Dr. Peter G. Fisher, DVM, Dipl ABVP (Exotic Companion Mammal), Pet Care Veterinary Hospital
* The study compared pelleted, extruded, and muesli diets (pelleted diet at only 14% protein).
* Findings were inconsistent depending on the digestibility estimation method used.
* Authors concluded diet composition mattered more than form, but results were inconclusive.


Despite this, Oxbow Animal Health, where Dr. Kohles works as VP of Technical Services and Research, is cited by the HRS as a major authority on rabbit nutrition. However, this study’s limited scope and contradictory results do not strongly support sweeping dietary recommendations.


---


<b>Dr. Susan Smith, Ph.D., Professor of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison </b> <i>( 2002-2010 National Board of Directors, House Rabbit Society (Richmond CA) </i>
=== Dr. Peter G. Fisher, DVM, Dipl ABVP (Exotic Companion Mammal) ===
https://sph.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/112/2016/07/Susan_Smith_CV.pdf


Dr. Susan Smith has been invited to speak at numerous HRS conventions. She has also written several opinion articles for laypeople. However, Dr. Smith has not published any research studies involving rabbits, peer-reviewed papers on rabbits, or sponsored rabbit-related research. In fact, all of her rabbit-related activities are solely in her capacity as a member of the House Rabbit Society board. The society appears to be using Dr. Smith's doctorate to lend authority to its opinions, but not to support those opinions with any empirical evidence. This raises the question of whether the HRS is truly an independent organization or whether it is a front for activist interests.
Dr. Fisher has authored a few opinion-based articles related to rabbit gastrointestinal disease, but these do **not** provide scientific data supporting nutritional claims cited by the House Rabbit Society. Examples include:


* [Gastrointestinal disease in ferrets and rabbits (Proceedings)](https://www.dvm360.com/view/gastrointestinal-disease-ferrets-and-rabbits-proceedings)
  Focuses on gastrointestinal diseases and parasites causing bloat, but contains no diet-related research.


<b>Dr. Micah Kohles, DVM, MPA, Oxbow Animal Health , VP of Technical Services and Research, Oxbow Animal Health </b>
He was part of the study that tested , The Effect of Feed Form on Diet Digestibility and Cecal Parameters in Rabbits
December 2017Animals 7(12):95 DOI:10.3390/ani7120095 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321658593_The_Effect_of_Feed_Form_on_Diet_Digestibility_and_Cecal_Parameters_in_Rabbits] . This study had a total sample size of 15 new Zealand Rabbits. Broken into three groups of five Rabbits.  "Rabbits were placed in individual cages with ad libitum access to water and food for 45 days acclimation followed by 30 days experimental period."


"Simple Summary: In addition to hay or forage in the diet pet rabbits are commonly fed a supplementary food as a muesli (granular mix), pellets, or extruded croquettes. This study aimed to determine if form of this supplementary
In his *Rabbit Medicine Overview* proceedings, Dr. Fisher briefly addresses rabbit nutrition with advice that reads more like a product promotion than a rigorous scientific review. The section:
diet (pelleted vs. extruded) or composition (muesli) had an effect on the diets total tract digestibility and cecal fermentation patterns. Rabbits had slightly higher intake when fed extruded and pelleted diets compared to muesli.  
Digestibility results were inconsistent between estimation methods. The extruded diet was more digestible than pelleted according to the total collection digestibility method, but according to internal marker acid insoluble ash
<b> The pelleted diet was the most digestible.</b> Both the extruded and pelleted diet had similar fermentation patterns, with lower cecal pH and greater proportions of butyrate. Our findings suggest that diet composition, rather
than form, may have a greater impact on nutrient utilization by rabbits "


The pellet used was also only 14% protein. and the sample size was tiny.
* Lacks any supporting research citations, unlike other well-referenced sections of the paper.
* Provides general recommendations consistent with standard rabbit dietary advice but without backing data or critical analysis.


Key points from Fisher’s nutrition section:


Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology of select exotic companion mammals https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24767739/  [https://books.google.com/books?id=M8WLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq=Gastrointestinal%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology%20of%20Select%20Exotic%20Companion%20Mammals&source=bl&ots=tlLl8zcfAn&sig=ACfU3U2IPejsgPTujD2FsbzQydT4JajJTQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjiyr_CxKH2AhWxlIkEHYINBmkQ6AF6BAgdEAI&fbclid=IwAR1IGYOezqmKbJ6vTjq52Ud8SlbBbALeUTN5UY_-xQeuV4OeoLuG1yRird8#v=onepage&q=Gastrointestinal%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology%20of%20Select%20Exotic%20Companion%20Mammals&f=false good breakdown of the mechanic of digestion but has no info regarding actual nutrient  requirements ]
* Emphasizes the importance of a diet high in fiber (20-25%) with low starch and balanced protein levels to maintain gastrointestinal health.
by M Kohles · 2014
* Recommends a maintenance feeding guideline of roughly **1 ounce of high-fiber pellets per kilogram of body weight**, plus **ad libitum access to grass hays** such as timothy, oat, orchard grass, or meadow hay.
* Suggests pellets should be over 20% fiber and below 16% protein—specifications that conveniently match the nutrient profile of Oxbow’s own pellet products.
* Advocates feeding fresh leafy greens as enrichment and as a tool to monitor appetite in rabbits suspected of gastrointestinal stasis.
* Specifically promotes *Oxbow Critical Care for Herbivores* as an excellent syringe-fed nutritional support for anorexic rabbits.


note: study on this topic is represented above that shows the gut bacteria and digestion is different between Rabbit and Cavy.
**Critique:**


* The absence of any cited research undermines the credibility of these recommendations, making them appear anecdotal or opinion-based rather than evidence-driven.
* The nutrition advice aligns closely with Oxbow’s product line, raising conflict-of-interest concerns.
* No discussion is offered on alternative feeding strategies, potential risks of exclusive pellet feeding, or critical evaluation of fiber sources and digestibility.
* This section does not address recent research on rabbit nutrition that highlights risks of low-fiber diets or “salad-only” feeding regimes, nor does it reconcile the complexity of fiber types and particle size in rabbit gut health.


In summary, while the nutrition overview provides a superficially reasonable framework for rabbit diets, it falls short of scientific rigor and transparency. Its implicit promotion of Oxbow products further questions the independence of the advice offered.


<b>Dr. Peter G. Fisher, DVM, Dipl ABVP (Exotic Companion Mammal), Pet Care Veterinary Hospital</b>


Gastrointestinal disease in ferrets and rabbits (Proceedings)
August 1, 2011  Peter G. Fisher, DVM
https://www.dvm360.com/view/gastrointestinal-disease-ferrets-and-rabbits-proceedings
it covers diseases of gastrointestinal tract, and what parasites and infection commonly cause bloat, and not diet.


and the 2 other linked opinion pieces read as a oxbow marketing advertisement. even naming oxbow by name.  
* [Thinking of adding exotic mammals to your case load? (Proceedings)](https://www.dvm360.com/view/thinking-adding-exotic-mammals-your-case-load-equipment-needs-proceedings)
  Reads like a marketing pitch for Oxbow Animal Health products rather than independent scientific guidance. The article by Dr. Peter G. Fisher does not provide detailed original research or deep nutritional information on rabbits either.


https://www.dvm360.com/view/rabbit-medicine-overview-proceedings 
===Here’s what it does regarding nutrition ===
Notice how the nutrition section  has ZERO links back to ANY supporting research articles yet  all other sections have multiple sources cites to support the text.


https://www.dvm360.com/view/thinking-adding-exotic-mammals-your-case-load-equipment-needs-proceedings
*Mentions inappropriate feeding practices as a common problem in exotic mammals, including rabbits.
This opinion piece reads like commercial for oxbow.


*Advises vets to have exotic mammal diets on hand (naming commercial brands like Oxbow, Zupreem, Mazuri) to help clients start dietary changes.


I have reviewed the sources cited in the House Rabbit Society Article on nutrition. Unfortunately, two of the veterinarians they cite, Dr. Peter G. Fisher and Dr. Micah Kohles, do not appear to have any studies or research that support the claims in the Feeding article. Their only support comes from opinion articles that lack supporting research. In fact, the actual studies I have found by these veterinarians provide a more compelling argument for feeding a complete and balanced pellet over "salads" that are low in fiber and high in fermentable carbs, which according to one of their studies, can cause appendix damage. Dr. Susan Smith has no rabbit research in her portfolio, and her only connection to rabbits is that she served on the House Rabbit Society board and repeated the talking points she was given to enhance the House Rabbit Society's credibility. I find it very disappointing that the House Rabbit Society would promote such a misleading article, and I would not recommend it as a reliable source of information on rabbit nutrition.
*Suggests keeping fresh leafy greens available as examples and for appetite testing.


*Recommends Oxbow Critical Care for nutritional support of anorexic rabbits.


*Emphasizes the importance of client education on nutrition but doesn’t cite specific studies or give detailed feeding guidelines.


In other words, the nutrition coverage is very general, clinical, and product-oriented, mostly about what vets should stock or recommend, rather than presenting any primary research or independent nutritional analysis.


This article is more about veterinary practice setup, equipment, diagnostics, and handling exotic mammals, with a small section acknowledging diet importance but no rigorous evidence or data. It reads like a practical veterinary guide with vendor references, not a scientific nutrition paper.


https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267686834_NUTRITIVE_VALUE_OF_SAWDUST
---


Pine Sawdust:
### Summary of Issues with HRS Nutrition Sources:
CP content varied from 1.8 to 3.5 g/100g,
CF content varied from 39.5 to 74.0 g/100g


* No peer-reviewed studies are cited in their nutrition advice.
* Two of the cited veterinarians (Fisher and Kohles) have only authored opinion pieces or small-sample studies that do not substantiate the claims made.
* Dr. Susan Smith lacks any published rabbit research.
* Some referenced studies by these vets actually support the use of complete, balanced pellets over “salads” or low-fiber, high-fermentable-carb diets—which the HRS article fails to emphasize or mention.
* The overall impression is that the House Rabbit Society’s nutritional guidance is **not based on rigorous science** but on opinion and marketing interests.


Timothy Hay
---
CP content    3% g/100g
CF content  28% g/100g


### Additional Reference on Feed Components:


Nutritive value of pine sawdust (used sometimes as bedding or feed additive):


* Crude Protein (CP): 1.8 to 3.5 g/100g
* Crude Fiber (CF): 39.5 to 74.0 g/100g


For comparison, Timothy hay typically contains:


* CP: \~3 g/100g
* CF: \~28 g/100g


[[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267686834\_NUTRITIVE\_VALUE\_OF\_SAWDUST](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267686834_NUTRITIVE_VALUE_OF_SAWDUST)]


==Feed Related Studies==  
=Feed Related Studies=


[https://mmcrabbits.com/BCWiki/index.php/Researchlinks#REFLECTIONS_ON_RABBIT_NUTRITION_WITH_A_SPECIAL_EMPHASIS_ON_FEED_INGREDIENTS_UTILIZATION Research Links ]
[https://mmcrabbits.com/BCWiki/index.php/Researchlinks#REFLECTIONS_ON_RABBIT_NUTRITION_WITH_A_SPECIAL_EMPHASIS_ON_FEED_INGREDIENTS_UTILIZATION Research Links ]
Line 384: Line 342:




Feed related  
==Feed related==


Nutrition of the Rabbit Second Edition
Nutrition of the Rabbit Second Edition

Latest revision as of 16:00, 27 August 2025

Introduction

If you search online, you’ll repeatedly find the claim that rabbits should have diets consisting of 80% hay or even an all-hay diet. This recommendation largely originates from the House Rabbit Society (HRS), an extreme animal rights organization that has promoted this 80% hay diet and associated messaging for decades. Oxbow Animal Health, a major supplier of rabbit food, partners with HRS and provides funding, which raises concerns about potential conflicts of interest.

For over 20 years, the House Rabbit Society has engaged with soon-to-be exotic animal veterinarians (DVMs), offering support to help them start their practices focused on rabbits. This relationship has resulted in many veterinarians adopting HRS-influenced care practices, which include the widely promoted 80% hay diet. Consequently, this diet recommendation has become entrenched despite significant flaws.

If you review rabbit care guidelines from major universities such as Purdue, UC Davis, Colorado State University, and Washington State University, you’ll notice HRS’s influence in their citations and fine print. This is reflected in feeding recommendations on Oxbow product packaging, which dominate the pet rabbit market. The resulting proliferation of this diet advice has perpetuated misinformation.

An important historical note: in the 1990s, the House Rabbit Society conflated care advice for rabbits and cavies (guinea pigs), even suggesting they could share diets and housing. When it became clear that cavies and rabbits can transmit diseases to each other , HRS retracted the cohabitation advice—but never revisited or corrected their dietary stance for rabbits.

Further scrutiny reveals that much of the 80% hay diet recommendation traces back to a single book co-authored by Susan Brown and Jeff Jenkins titled *A Practitioner’s Guide to Rabbits and Ferrets* (1993). This book, difficult to obtain today, was frequently cited by HRS and related groups as a definitive source for the hay-first diet. However, more recent research by F. Lebas and others has discredited the outdated nutritional guidance in this book. The diet promoted therein fails to meet the minimum nutritional requirements for maintaining healthy rabbits.

Therefore, the House Rabbit Society is not a reliable source for rabbit care information. Their recommendations are often outdated or inaccurate and don’t always reflect current research. For trustworthy guidance, consult the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA), the World Rabbit Congress, or reputable breeders ' organizations with access to the latest research and expertise.

One fundamental reason rabbits and cavies require different diets is their distinct gut microbiota, despite some anatomical similarities. A 2017 study by Crowley et al. using next-generation sequencing highlighted significant differences in the microbial populations between rabbits and guinea pigs, confirming that their digestive mechanisms differ substantially.

Furthermore, ARBA care guides, developed by a panel of veterinarians, recommend diets where pellets form the majority component, not hay. Supporting this, research comparing wild and domestic rabbits’ dental and digestive health found that hay is nutritionally poor and difficult to chew, often leading to malocclusion and periodontal disease caused by hay getting trapped between teeth. Wild rabbits are selective feeders, preferring high-nutrition fresh forage and resorting to dried grasses or hay only during starvation or severe winter conditions to survive.

References

Pellet Feeding Recommendations

Rabbits do best on a Complete Balanced Alfalfa Based Pellet. 16% protein, 15-20% Fiber.

The American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) recommends feeding a completely balanced pellet as the primary and main source of nutrition for domestic rabbits. When selecting a suitable pellet, it is important to use a baseline of approximately:

  • 16% crude protein
  • 18% crude fiber
  • A grass or legume-based ingredient as the first listed component on the label

These specifications help ensure that your rabbits receive sufficient nutrients for maintenance, growth, and reproductive performance.

Most feeding guidelines recommend providing pellets twice daily, with the total daily amount equaling approximately 1 ounce of pellets per pound of the rabbit’s ideal adult body weight. Rabbits are crepuscular by nature—most active during dawn and dusk—with periods of rest and digestion during the day. For example, a 10-pound adult rabbit would be fed roughly 5 ounces of pellets in the morning and another 5 ounces in the evening.

It is recommended that a completely balanced pellet constitute between 80% and 100% of a rabbit’s overall diet. This approach helps to ensure that the rabbit’s nutritional requirements are met in a consistent and controlled manner.

Fresh vegetables and greens should be limited to no more than one or two tablespoons total per day. These fresh plants are best used in small quantities for their supplemental or medicinal properties rather than as a primary nutrient source. Feeding excessive fresh fruits or vegetables can disrupt the delicate balance of the rabbit’s hindgut flora and motility, which may result in bacterial overgrowth, gastrointestinal stasis, and potentially fatal bloat.

Why is Oxbow not recommended?

Oxbow is one of the most widely marketed rabbit pellet brands and is often promoted by the House Rabbit Society. However, Oxbow’s formulation tends to have lower protein levels and higher fiber content than what is considered optimal for rabbit health. While rabbits fed Oxbow pellets may survive, their long-term health and condition often suffer.

To put this in perspective, a rabbit’s diet must provide a minimum of 14% digestible protein energy (DE) to maintain condition and support normal metabolic functions. This generally translates to a feed containing about 16% crude protein on a dry matter (DM) basis. A pellet containing only 14% crude protein DM provides closer to 12% DE protein, which is barely enough to sustain life, let alone promote growth or healthy fur and muscle maintenance.

Rabbits consuming diets low in digestible protein often develop a flabby, wasted body condition and exhibit constant shedding or poor coat quality. In addition, fiber levels in the diet should not exceed approximately 22% to prevent the dilution of essential nutrients. If the protein content decreases, the fiber content should decrease proportionally. For example, an Oxbow formula with 14% crude protein and 25% fiber will have a further reduced bioavailability of essential nutrients, with only about 9% DE protein effectively available to the animal, leading to malnutrition and poor health outcomes.

For these reasons, feeds such as ADM Pen Pals 16%, which contains no whole or ground corn and is balanced for all life stages, are preferred. Other recommended brands or formulations include:

  • Small World 16% by Manna Pro
  • Kambalch 16%
  • Rowe 16%
  • Hienold Commercial or Wool Formula
  • Pen Pals 16%

These recommended pellets are typically alfalfa-based and contain a minimum of 16% crude protein DM with fiber content ranging between 15% and 22%. It is also advisable to avoid feeds containing whole corn kernels, which provide poor-quality nutrition. However, corn distillers, which contain the protein-rich germ without the hull or starch, are acceptable as an ingredient.

Nuanced Feeding Recommendations

Feeding Nursing and Pregnant Does

Nursing and pregnancy have significantly increased protein and energy requirements to support fetal growth and subsequent milk production. For the first two weeks of pregnancy, it is generally recommended to maintain the doe on a standard maintenance diet containing about 16% protein.

Starting in the third week of pregnancy, the diet should be gradually transitioned to a higher protein ratio, around 18%, to meet the increased nutritional demands. Once the doe has given birth and is nursing kits, she should be allowed free access to a high-quality 18% protein pellet to support continued milk production and recovery.

Several safe and effective feed additives can be included in the diet of nursing does to enhance milk yield. These include:

  • Steam-rolled or traditional old-fashioned oats
  • Calf manna
  • Black oil sunflower seeds

These supplements should be offered in small quantities—generally half to one teaspoon per feeding—in a separate bowl to avoid contamination or waste of pellets.

Bananas (fruit only, no peel) can be offered to pregnant does in limited amounts to provide a natural source of potassium and sugars, which are beneficial during the late stages of fetal development. For nursing does, small amounts of banana peel can also be given, but care must be taken as the peel contains compounds that may induce uterine contractions. Therefore, banana peel should never be given to does before or during pregnancy but can be safely provided immediately after birth.

Additionally, Tums (either plain or fruit-flavored) can serve as a calcium supplement to nursing does. One or two Tums daily for the first few days postpartum can help boost calcium availability for milk production, with occasional supplementation continuing through the nursing period.

  • Foods to avoid during pregnancy and nursing:*
    • Plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae) should be avoided as they may dry up milk production. They can be given to does only after litter loss or post-weaning when drying up the doe.
    • Banana peel must be avoided during pregnancy due to its potential to induce contractions, but it is safe after kindling.

Feeding Weanling Rabbits (8 to 20 weeks)

Weanlings are in a rapid growth phase and require a diet higher in protein to support development. They should be fed a complete pellet containing between 17% and 20% protein and given free access to ensure adequate intake.

Feeding Adult Non-Producing Rabbits

Adult rabbits not involved in breeding, gestation, or lactation have more moderate nutritional requirements. Protein levels between 15% and 17% are generally sufficient, provided the pellet contains a minimum of 15% fiber.

Pellets for non-producing adults can be based on timothy or alfalfa hay. Avoid pellets with a grain-based ingredient list, as these are less suitable for optimal rabbit health.

Daily intake guidelines remain at approximately 1 ounce of pellets per pound of ideal body weight, divided into two feedings per day. For example, a 10-pound adult rabbit would receive approximately 5 ounces of pellets in the morning and 5 ounces in the evening.

Conditioning Show Rabbits

Diet can be amended for different life stages and for special conditioning

Show rabbits often require specialized dietary adjustments depending on the life stage or conditioning goals. Some common dietary supplements used to optimize coat quality, muscle tone, and digestive health include:

  • **Coat Finishers:** Supplements rich in vitamin E and fat are often used to improve coat luster and texture. Black oil sunflower seeds (BOS) are a popular natural source of these nutrients.
  • **Muscle and Flesh Conditioners:** Protein boosters such as whey powder, rolled oats, and barley may be added to the diet to promote muscle development and firmness of flesh, particularly before shows.
  • **Digestive Aids:** Enzymatic supplements like papaya enzyme powder assist in nutrient absorption and can help break down ingested wool or fur during shedding seasons.
  • **Fiber Supplements:** Small amounts of grass hays and beet pulp shreds can be offered to support gut motility and health. However, be mindful that beet pulp can be high in sugars, so quantities should be kept small. Shredded plain pumpkin is also used as a mild fiber supplement and digestive aid.

Other Feed Additives

Proteins

Rabbits require adequate protein for maintenance, growth, and reproduction. While maintenance feeds with 12%-15% protein can sustain non-producing rabbits, a balanced ration containing around 16% protein produces better overall health and condition. Providing a single feed with sufficient protein for all life stages is often easier for management.

  • Corn Distillers: Do not confuse whole or cracked corn with corn distillers, which are the protein-rich remnants after fermentation removes sugars. Sugars promote harmful bacterial overgrowth leading to bloat and GI stasis, so avoiding whole corn kernels is critical.
  • Soybean: Studies show soybean is a superior protein source compared to cowpea or pigeon pea for growing rabbits. Cowpea varieties with high tannin content may harm kidneys and are not recommended as sole protein sources.

Fat

Fats provide concentrated energy and are important for coat and skin health. Common fat sources include oils and black oil sunflower seeds, which also supply essential fatty acids and vitamin E.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates provide energy, but care must be taken to avoid simple sugars that disrupt gut flora.

  • Corn: Whole or cracked corn kernels should never be fed to rabbits. However, certain corn by-products (like corn distillers) are acceptable when used correctly.
  • Oats and Beet Pulp Shreds: These are common carbohydrate sources that also provide some fiber.

Fiber

Fiber is crucial for maintaining healthy digestive motility and preventing gut disorders. The quality and particle size of fiber directly influence gut health and immune function.

  • Excessively high fiber (>25% Acid Detergent Fiber) dilutes dietary energy and reduces growth rates because rabbits cannot consume enough feed to compensate.
  • Studies indicate that fiber particle size affects mortality, immunity, and gut bacteria populations in rabbits, with heterogeneous particle sizes increasing lignin content and digestive stress.

Common fiber sources include timothy hay and beet pulp shreds, which help maintain optimal gut function.

Enzymes

Enzymatic supplements can aid digestion, especially during periods of stress or dietary transition. These include papaya enzyme and other proteolytic enzymes.

Supplements

Additional supplements may be used to address specific nutritional needs or to support reproductive performance, coat condition, or digestive health. These are best used judiciously and tailored to the animal's life stage and condition.

Notes and References

  • See detailed reviews on fiber digestion and its effects on rabbit health (Gidenne 1996, De Blas 1999, Licois & Gidenne 1999, Bennegadi et al. 2000).
  • Particle size and fiber content significantly affect mortality, immune response, and gut bacterial populations (source: https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjn.2019.101.108).
  • Avoid feeding whole or cracked corn kernels; use corn distillers cautiously.

Common Types of Hay and Their Nutritional Profiles

Timothy Hay (Phleum pratense L.)

  • Protein: ~3–13.8% DM (varies with storage and age)
  • Fiber: ~31.8% DM
  • Carbohydrates: 4.7–10.9% DM

Timothy hay is popular for fiber supplementation but cannot support adult rabbits alone due to low protein and energy digestibility. Its lysine content is low, meeting only about 70% of growing rabbits' needs. Calcium content is low (~0.33%), which can be either advantageous or limiting depending on the overall diet.

Alfalfa Hay (Medicago sativa L.)

  • Protein: ~18.3% DM
  • Fiber: ~28.6% DM
  • Carbohydrates: ~4.5% DM

Alfalfa is highly palatable and widely used as a fiber and protein source. It promotes digestive motility and caecal flora balance. Inclusion recommendations vary but typically fall between 20–40%. High inclusion levels (>80%) have shown mortality reduction in some studies but may risk calcium overload in adults. Protein digestibility is moderate, limiting support for very rapid growth.

Red Clover Hay

  • Protein: ~18.7% DM
  • Fiber: ~27.4% DM
  • Carbohydrates: ~13% DM

Red clover hay can safely replace alfalfa up to 30% without adverse effects on growth or mortality.

Oat Forage (Avena sativa L.)

  • Protein: ~9.1% DM
  • Fiber: ~34% DM
  • Carbohydrates: ~17.7% DM

Grass Hay

Includes timothy, brome, orchard grass, tall fescue, bermuda grass.

  • Typically high fiber, low protein, vitamins, and minerals compared to legumes.
  • Nutritional content varies widely by species and harvest conditions.

Mixed Grass/Legume Hay

  • Combines benefits of legumes (protein, minerals) and grasses (fiber).
  • Balanced mixes (e.g., 1/3 grass to 2/3 legume) optimize nutrition and yield.

Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.)

  • Protein: ~9.8% DM
  • Fiber: ~31.3% DM
  • Carbohydrates: ~0.8% DM

Rabbit Snacks and Treats

Recipe page:

Debunked Studies Whose Information Is Still Used as “Evidence” for House Rabbit Society Propaganda

Preference of rabbits for drinking from open dishes versus nipple drinkers

  • Tschudin, A; Clauss, M; Codron, D; Hatt, J-M.*
  • The Veterinary Record; London Vol. 168, Iss. 7 (Feb 19, 2011): 190*

\[[1](https://www.proquest.com/openview/aab930d5ae37a871a6db58254da14fdb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2041027&fbclid=IwAR231sEmTCZBjH9nE5l6q1mFN-Hb9dXPREmaXCS279ipOCuc4BZDUXeJGtQ)]

This study has been widely discredited and subsequently removed from platforms like ResearchGate and PubMed. The primary reason is the extremely small sample size: only **12 dwarf rabbits total**, which is insufficient to draw any meaningful, statistically valid conclusions. Despite this, the study’s findings are still sometimes cited as if they were definitive proof of rabbits’ drinking preferences, which is misleading. ---

Questionable Sources on House Rabbit Society (HRS) Care Pages

The House Rabbit Society care pages cite **three main sources** at the bottom of their nutrition and care articles. However, none of these sources provide peer-reviewed research or studies specifically supporting their claims. Instead, the citations lean heavily on credentials or opinion pieces with no empirical backing:

  • Dr. Susan Smith, Ph.D., Professor of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison
  • Dr. Micah Kohles, DVM, MPA, Oxbow Animal Health
  • Dr. Peter G. Fisher, DVM, Dipl ABVP (Exotic Companion Mammal), Pet Care Veterinary Hospital

---

Dr. Susan Smith, Ph.D. — University of Wisconsin-Madison

\[[2](https://sph.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/112/2016/07/Susan_Smith_CV.pdf) CV]

Dr. Smith served on the House Rabbit Society’s National Board of Directors from 2002 to 2010 and has presented at their conferences and written lay opinion articles. Yet, she has no published research on rabbits and no peer-reviewed work on rabbit nutrition or health. Her rabbit involvement appears limited solely to her HRS board role. However:

  • She has **no published research studies involving rabbits**.
  • No peer-reviewed papers on rabbit nutrition or health.
  • Her rabbit-related involvement appears to be exclusively as part of the HRS board.

This fact underscores the HRS’s own stance: they are primarily an activist organization, not a science-based authority. By using Dr. Smith’s academic title to back their advice without supporting research, HRS highlights their reliance on advocacy over rigorous scientific evidence.

---

Dr. Micah Kohles, DVM, MPA — Oxbow Animal Health

Dr. Kohles co-authored a study titled:

  • “The Effect of Feed Form on Diet Digestibility and Cecal Parameters in Rabbits”* (December 2017)

[[3](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321658593_The_Effect_of_Feed_Form_on_Diet_Digestibility_and_Cecal_Parameters_in_Rabbits)]

Key issues with this study:

  • Sample size of **only 15 New Zealand rabbits**, divided into three groups of five.
  • Experimental period followed a 45-day acclimation plus 30-day feeding trial.
  • The study compared pelleted, extruded, and muesli diets (pelleted diet at only 14% protein).
  • Findings were inconsistent depending on the digestibility estimation method used.
  • Authors concluded diet composition mattered more than form, but results were inconclusive.

Despite this, Oxbow Animal Health, where Dr. Kohles works as VP of Technical Services and Research, is cited by the HRS as a major authority on rabbit nutrition. However, this study’s limited scope and contradictory results do not strongly support sweeping dietary recommendations.

---

Dr. Peter G. Fisher, DVM, Dipl ABVP (Exotic Companion Mammal)

Dr. Fisher has authored a few opinion-based articles related to rabbit gastrointestinal disease, but these do **not** provide scientific data supporting nutritional claims cited by the House Rabbit Society. Examples include: 

 Focuses on gastrointestinal diseases and parasites causing bloat, but contains no diet-related research.


In his *Rabbit Medicine Overview* proceedings, Dr. Fisher briefly addresses rabbit nutrition with advice that reads more like a product promotion than a rigorous scientific review. The section:

  • Lacks any supporting research citations, unlike other well-referenced sections of the paper.
  • Provides general recommendations consistent with standard rabbit dietary advice but without backing data or critical analysis.

Key points from Fisher’s nutrition section:

  • Emphasizes the importance of a diet high in fiber (20-25%) with low starch and balanced protein levels to maintain gastrointestinal health.
  • Recommends a maintenance feeding guideline of roughly **1 ounce of high-fiber pellets per kilogram of body weight**, plus **ad libitum access to grass hays** such as timothy, oat, orchard grass, or meadow hay.
  • Suggests pellets should be over 20% fiber and below 16% protein—specifications that conveniently match the nutrient profile of Oxbow’s own pellet products.
  • Advocates feeding fresh leafy greens as enrichment and as a tool to monitor appetite in rabbits suspected of gastrointestinal stasis.
  • Specifically promotes *Oxbow Critical Care for Herbivores* as an excellent syringe-fed nutritional support for anorexic rabbits.
    • Critique:**
  • The absence of any cited research undermines the credibility of these recommendations, making them appear anecdotal or opinion-based rather than evidence-driven.
  • The nutrition advice aligns closely with Oxbow’s product line, raising conflict-of-interest concerns.
  • No discussion is offered on alternative feeding strategies, potential risks of exclusive pellet feeding, or critical evaluation of fiber sources and digestibility.
  • This section does not address recent research on rabbit nutrition that highlights risks of low-fiber diets or “salad-only” feeding regimes, nor does it reconcile the complexity of fiber types and particle size in rabbit gut health.

In summary, while the nutrition overview provides a superficially reasonable framework for rabbit diets, it falls short of scientific rigor and transparency. Its implicit promotion of Oxbow products further questions the independence of the advice offered. 


 Reads like a marketing pitch for Oxbow Animal Health products rather than independent scientific guidance. The article by Dr. Peter G. Fisher does not provide detailed original research or deep nutritional information on rabbits either.

Here’s what it does regarding nutrition

  • Mentions inappropriate feeding practices as a common problem in exotic mammals, including rabbits.
  • Advises vets to have exotic mammal diets on hand (naming commercial brands like Oxbow, Zupreem, Mazuri) to help clients start dietary changes.
  • Suggests keeping fresh leafy greens available as examples and for appetite testing.
  • Recommends Oxbow Critical Care for nutritional support of anorexic rabbits.
  • Emphasizes the importance of client education on nutrition but doesn’t cite specific studies or give detailed feeding guidelines.

In other words, the nutrition coverage is very general, clinical, and product-oriented, mostly about what vets should stock or recommend, rather than presenting any primary research or independent nutritional analysis.

This article is more about veterinary practice setup, equipment, diagnostics, and handling exotic mammals, with a small section acknowledging diet importance but no rigorous evidence or data. It reads like a practical veterinary guide with vendor references, not a scientific nutrition paper.

---

      1. Summary of Issues with HRS Nutrition Sources:
  • No peer-reviewed studies are cited in their nutrition advice.
  • Two of the cited veterinarians (Fisher and Kohles) have only authored opinion pieces or small-sample studies that do not substantiate the claims made.
  • Dr. Susan Smith lacks any published rabbit research.
  • Some referenced studies by these vets actually support the use of complete, balanced pellets over “salads” or low-fiber, high-fermentable-carb diets—which the HRS article fails to emphasize or mention.
  • The overall impression is that the House Rabbit Society’s nutritional guidance is **not based on rigorous science** but on opinion and marketing interests.

---

      1. Additional Reference on Feed Components:

Nutritive value of pine sawdust (used sometimes as bedding or feed additive):

  • Crude Protein (CP): 1.8 to 3.5 g/100g
  • Crude Fiber (CF): 39.5 to 74.0 g/100g

For comparison, Timothy hay typically contains:

  • CP: \~3 g/100g
  • CF: \~28 g/100g

[[4](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267686834_NUTRITIVE_VALUE_OF_SAWDUST)]

Feed Related Studies

Research Links

Rabbit Tracks: Feeds and Feeding April 24, 2017 - Author: Michigan State University Extension
Received: 23 May 2021 / Revised: 12 July 2021 / Accepted: 12 July 2021 / Published: 14 July 2021

Impact of feed restriction and of the hygiene of housing on rabbit performances and health
August 2013

Effects of Rocket Seed Oil, Wheat Germ Oil, and Their Mixture on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Digestibility, Redox Status, and Meat Fatty Acid Profile of Growing Rabbits
April 24, 2017 - Author: Michigan State University Extension

RECENT RESEARCH ADVANCES IN RABBIT NUTRITION
December 2000

Reflections on rabbit nutrition with a special emphasis on feed ingredients utilization
January 2004


Feed related

Nutrition of the Rabbit Second Edition Nutrition of the Rabbit Second Edition Mohammad Rifky

rabbit_tracks_feeds_and_feeding https://www.canr.msu.edu/resources/rabbit_tracks_feeds_and_feeding

Impact_of_feed_restriction_and_of_the_hygiene_of_housing_on_rabbit_performances_and_health== https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275519611_Impact_of_feed_restriction_and_of_the_hygiene_of_housing_on_rabbit_performances_and_health


https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/7/662

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268003523_RECENT_RESEARCH_ADVANCES_IN_RABBIT_NUTRITION

https://www.vetfolio.com/learn/article/nutrition-know-how-pet-rabbit-nutrition

General Feed Supplements

EFFECT OF DIETARY SELENIUM ENRICHED MICRO-ALGAE SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND ANTI- OXIDATIVE STATUS OF RABBITS UNDER HIGH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IN SUMMER SEASON" by mohamed basyony=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/QllhK1c5L1FDbkFwNEdTNkY4UDI3QnpOTGlCSTRtQ0lNd1V5QTBKVWk2RT0tLXVVQjVtOEVNUm9ZQkIzOEZmY3orSWc9PQ==--c79ce43255800522b842d0c8be4f1a102ba46aaf/t/sPPdN-Qp4b4Q1-bhRvi1/resource/work/21619748/EFFECT_OF_DIETARY_SELENIUM_ENRICHED_MICRO_ALGAE_SUPPLEMENTATION_ON_GROWTH_PERFORMANCE_AND_ANTI_OXIDATIVE_STATUS_OF_RABBITS_UNDER_HIGH_AMBIENT_TEMPERATURE_IN_SUMMER_SEASON?email_work_card=title


Additional energy supplements in the diet for growing rabbits" by Prof. Dr. Mohamed Salah Ayyat=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/Rk9LdEk3cUt6aDQwdEUvK0dPaHhvUkRVRk5iUzdlV05WelVvS3prZkJGdz0tLWZZRFZWUGN3N2ZNTTBFOU4zRElqQ0E9PQ==--bd7de4edfce98920e93a0b1c5d01a3591f51cc78/t/sPPdN-Qdcm7Pe-p67QM/resource/work/23248022/Additional_energy_supplements_in_the_diet_for_growing_rabbits?email_work_card=title


Effect of Zinc Supplementation on some Physiological and Growth Traits in Local Male Rabbit" by World's Veterinary Journal Editor=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/UzR2b3BhSVl6QjFMeTk5bjR1dXQxYTNhZXBwQUh2UncxdFNBUVVjZkRoMD0tLTIrY1NFWVBnU05mWnNwZlFPUTlrM3c9PQ==--7ad74ccf2d833f46a06ba9dcf8a6f6d63038c707/t/sPPdN-QfnHV4z-kQ1wm/resource/work/32956665/Effect_of_Zinc_Supplementation_on_some_Physiological_and_Growth_Traits_in_Local_Male_Rabbit?email_work_card=title


Utilization of Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) in Rabbit Rations. 1. Response of Growing Rabbits to DietsHamed A.A. Omer, AbdEl-Maged A. Abedo, Sawsan M. Ahmed, Azza M.M. Badrand Mervat S.M. HasaninLife Science..." by dr.azza badr=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/cEd0VnRmek51ZDdkNlJBSVhaUlBmV1F1ekFPRUdKTUR3RjczdnVCVSs3MD0tLW1WVGgvc3M2aTdFUURKV2MwOXAwQ3c9PQ==--8aaaec6b132b8e0db8dc46fab39fe4e45b811b1b/t/sPPdN-Qgz1jJD-HxeW0/resource/work/8539516/Utilization_of_Flaxseeds_Linum_usitatissimum_L_in_Rabbit_Rations_1_Response_of_Growing_Rabbits_to_DietsHamed_A_A_Omer_AbdEl_Maged_A_Abedo_Sawsan_M_Ahmed_Azza_M_M_Badrand_Mervat_S_M_HasaninLife_Science_Journal_2013_10_4_?email_work_card=title

Utilization of Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) in Rabbit Rations. 2. Influence of Flaxseeds Levels Supplementations on Blood Constituents, Carcass Characteristics and Fatty Acids Profile." by dr.azza badr=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/UThubG0wTEgrc1BKeEFnT3pycEF1OUxwVHZ6S1RGcVd1SkErVThPQnZqMD0tLXV5ZW5LVitIT0NhdDYvZnFuVWJlRlE9PQ==--4d0a1cc52d355dfd197363aa7fa6dc86b45cdf4a/t/sPPdN-QgG9ADH-bbjVAv/resource/work/12250987/Utilization_of_Flaxseeds_Linum_usitatissimum_L_in_Rabbit_Rations_2_Influence_of_Flaxseeds_Levels_Supplementations_on_Blood_Constituents_Carcass_Characteristics_and_Fatty_Acids_Profile?email_work_card=title


Agronomy: "Growth Performance and Apparent Nutrient Digestibility Coefficients of Weaned Rabbits Fed Diets Containing Different Forms of Cocoa Pod Husk Meal" by Asian Online Journal Publishing Group=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/L3IzQTZDNUVZWUF2NEwvZDV1Wkp0ZU52TU1meHJIY1dXYkt3UXU4T3E5UT0tLUl3SW9lQ0RZU3NhMjAwNjhIWWY3Y3c9PQ==--a3f206fa63664368e8bfde6eebd8f9470a3bdb2a/t/sPPdN-QpF3kHw-bqigTi/resource/work/35848207/Growth_Performance_and_Apparent_Nutrient_Digestibility_Coefficients_of_Weaned_Rabbits_Fed_Diets_Containing_Different_Forms_of_Cocoa_Pod_Husk_Meal?email_work_card=title


EFFECT OF CHAMOMILE FLOWERS AS FEED ADDITIVE ON SOME BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR GROWING RABBITS" by Ibrahim abaza=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/YjZsSmVsM3AxM2F4enBmNkU5KzRuTVo2cFJKdUlDY3hVMGJSMDVRS2pwND0tLVN1V3FvTHc5MnI0NXFVbjBuQ1hnYUE9PQ==--3b3eadef9f6ebfe96bfa15eea7a3dfae8e494a31/t/sPPdN-Qpjmi1D-bdz6oo/resource/work/9329672/EFFECT_OF_CHAMOMILE_FLOWERS_AS_FEED_ADDITIVE_ON_SOME_BIOLOGICAL_PARAMETERS_FOR_GROWING_RABBITS?email_work_card=title


The Nutritive Value of Zornia glochidiata as a Non-conventional Feedstuff in Rabbit in Sokoto, Nigeria" by Ndudim Ogo=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/aUFMWjBISEJNMHVKZ080NjR5TGErcXpJRzJMelp0U0JtamU4Y2lvRFpJUT0tLVA2dEFmL0hEcGg0SFV2TG1teVlFaWc9PQ==--622e2baee790f8efb1144e9240ed1ada4b3fe5c8/t/sPPdN-QnogdXn-bc1HPX/resource/work/18711695/The_Nutritive_Value_of_Zornia_glochidiata_as_a_Non_conventional_Feedstuff_in_Rabbit_in_Sokoto_Nigeria?email_work_card=title

Performance of rabbits fed diets with varying concentrate and fodder ratio in north eastern region of Tripura" by Asit Chakrabarti=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/MGIycnE2am5lK09CbkEzWnluM1JtaFFjNlk0UVUxSGpQTXNWTE1hS2VYZz0tLWsrdFc5bElVOHcyYmVzWkhrQmRSMVE9PQ==--5b5a30c634eeea396188f5f96e29e2476dd5cdd6/t/sPPdN-QmEt7ei-AvMTB/resource/work/39725417/Performance_of_rabbits_fed_diets_with_varying_concentrate_and_fodder_ratio_in_north_eastern_region_of_Tripura?email_work_card=title 


Various Legume as feed and feed supplements

Evaluation of soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) as sole sources of proteins for growing rabbits" by Donald Chisowa=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/SWR6b1dLWFNBb3pxbFh3VXNCUmxjWnFuV0hac1JuMnhjVERWUzh3djYwOD0tLTdwcXJ2VmJ1UTFTa0p5TzBCUFdlb1E9PQ==--e17ca3b4f9f183f27b84e94a67e75efe6ebf36f4/t/sPPdN-QoQRVXM-WNtJE/resource/work/11351185/Evaluation_of_soybean_Glycine_max_cowpea_Vigna_unguiculata_and_pigeon_pea_Cajanus_cajan_as_sole_sources_of_proteins_for_growing_rabbits?email_work_card=title

Hamed A.A Omerand Azza M.M. Badr.Growth Performance of New Zealand White Rabbits Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Pea StrawLife Science Journal 2013;10(2)" by dr.azza badr=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/U2pZNE5LYmdLY2NleXppeDhCb2owd2YxZ0FDNWJub2IzNmNsM0ZCNlpIQT0tLU51UHBhN3JGQ0ZmOWJYclJTdWRKNkE9PQ==--429eb979b597c8159c3230f2bb5e087f0b6765ca/t/sPPdN-QcSQb5L-bxcsdM/resource/work/8539260/Hamed_A_A_Omerand_Azza_M_M_Badr_Growth_Performance_of_New_Zealand_White_Rabbits_Fed_Diets_Containing_Different_Levels_of_Pea_StrawLife_Science_Journal_2013_10_2_?email_work_card=title


Effect of Chemical Composition of Alfalfa Hay on Several . Digestive Measurements in Growing Rabbits" by Rosa Carabaño=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/VldVYTkrN3FQVmVjZzBlT0tPSXFNN3lJWks5a0JDbSs2Nm0vWk5yNTAvZz0tLThQaE85MTc3Vlo2YmdwVSsrTFpJdWc9PQ==--90cc8df7accb7e7757b217e27490b7698e7cf5a0/t/sPPdN-Qa9cnMB-B2d8N/resource/work/24812249/Effect_of_Chemical_Composition_of_Alfalfa_Hay_on_Several_Digestive_Measurements_in_Growing_Rabbits?email_work_card=title

EFFECT OF FEEDING OLIVE CAKE SUPPLEMENTED WITH OR WITHOUT BENTONITE ON PERFORMANCE OF GROWING RABBITS" by mohamed basyony== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/aGhEa0Y3MXpTUm9QK0g4NS8rbGVZTmwyL3Q2Wmd1bFh0VzhhYTFkR1lGTT0tLWdvNlFRT0hhcEowVy9ESGpQTFplTHc9PQ==--e954ae63b78666fe8b6026136d1caa841a3244e7/t/sPPdN-QaECJQk-baz1zi/resource/work/36496594/EFFECT_OF_FEEDING_OLIVE_CAKE_SUPPLEMENTED_WITH_OR_WITHOUT_BENTONITE_ON_PERFORMANCE_OF_GROWING_RABBITS?email_work_card=title


GROWTH PERFORMANCE, BLOOD COMPONENTS AND SLAUGHTER TRAITS OF NEW ZEALAND WHITE MALE GROWING RABBITS AS AFFECTED BY DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION WITH CALCIUM, SODIUM OR POTASSIUM, IN SUB-TROPICAL EGYPT" by Prof. Dr. Mohamed Salah Ayyat== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/SU9MMGRUSEhLWGlNT20zaXdkTXEyUjJYYWlFaDI2RHRqNnZtYXF1Z1d6WT0tLUphSHIxRlRRbUZQQituR25Gc0dkK2c9PQ==--841cf9236890a2487e4a977273720546ef9a32dc/t/sPPdN-QaqqFUB-nAEXb/resource/work/12692254/GROWTH_PERFORMANCE_BLOOD_COMPONENTS_AND_SLAUGHTER_TRAITS_OF_NEW_ZEALAND_WHITE_MALE_GROWING_RABBITS_AS_AFFECTED_BY_DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTATION_WITH_CALCIUM_SODIUM_OR_POTASSIUM_IN_SUB_TROPICAL_EGYPT?email_work_card=title

Additional energy supplements in the diet for growing rabbits" by Prof. Dr. Mohamed Salah Ayyat== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/NHFKYlphcXg4VWNzZGVkSDVmVVFXYXlqOCtHSEVrd3RLN0NQN2xDZFZwYz0tLVVFcFpIZE9zV3pEWWRkU1Z5N09JcUE9PQ==--b6e433ce56d2392549ee5b405d73fa8c16e303ff/t/sPPdN-QaifWu2-bfmPBZ/resource/work/23248022/Additional_energy_supplements_in_the_diet_for_growing_rabbits?email_work_card=title

Influence of dietary benzoic acid addition on nutrient digestibility and selected biochemical parameters in fattening rabbits" by K. Fegeros== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/b2lheWJTUWNnUEVBTG5Ddm1YamhzSDQySGNZd0k1TVV1aE1ldmFVR1RGVT0tLUNLSk5MYmlvYW1kN29STUUzSCtPelE9PQ==--917462902d2600191af2d70536465a40bd316be4/t/sPPdN-QepHj7D-VtVZd/resource/work/30474431/Influence_of_dietary_benzoic_acid_addition_on_nutrient_digestibility_and_selected_biochemical_parameters_in_fattening_rabbits?email_work_card=title


COMMERCIAL ENZYMES

EFFECT OF USING COMMERCIAL ENZYMES TO IMPROVE DIETS CONTAINED PEANUT HAY ON PERFORMANCE OF GROWING RABBITS" by Fathy Atta=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/OUJlVHFVTHozWlFQYW9idGdPUmJSUHJFZElZdGRXR3Fpc04rZU41N1IrZz0tLXlWY2FhdldaTll1Y1AwbEpxczAxbXc9PQ==--e16599d129e829b7da7a4ca4d6c379ce72e7532b/t/sPPdN-QeUbKK9-bxtmgk/resource/work/7230460/EFFECT_OF_USING_COMMERCIAL_ENZYMES_TO_IMPROVE_DIETS_CONTAINED_PEANUT_HAY_ON_PERFORMANCE_OF_GROWING_RABBITS?email_work_card=title

RESPONSE OF GROWING RABBITS TO DIETS CONTAINING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WHEAT SCREENING BY-PRODUCT WITH OR WITHOUT ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION " by Ibrahim abaza=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/bGpGeEkrdzZ3NE5PU2hKYUNZdmRQN1JMYjdqMU51RGc0clRmTStHTVhwbz0tLTF5bnhHY0V1TUxLNnZrR1N1WmdmVVE9PQ==--e42c63ee99bdc464d47fa63c8decab24ae97b4fb/t/sPPdN-Qc5erQc-bhct0a/resource/work/5108323/RESPONSE_OF_GROWING_RABBITS_TO_DIETS_CONTAINING_DIFFERENT_LEVELS_OF_WHEAT_SCREENING_BY_PRODUCT_WITH_OR_WITHOUT_ENZYME_SUPPLEMENTATION?email_work_card=title


EFFECT OF DIETARY CORN COBS AND ENZYMES SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWING RABBITS PERFORMANCE=== https://www.academia.edu/8019560/EFFECT_OF_DIETARY_CORN_COBS_AND_ENZYMES_SUPPLEMENTATION_ON_GROWING_RABBITS_PERFORMANCE?email_work_card=title Ibrahim abaza


EFFECT OF ENZYMES AND PROBIOTIC MIXTURESUPPLEMENTATION TO THE DIET OF GROWING FEMALE RABBITS ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CRITERIA" by Mohamed El-Sagheer=== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/bFNjQ1hweHdXMU5jZStuaTVwR0FNMEl2S2FHYzNLa2twOExReE9oeU9OVT0tLUQ5RXdoNElpYzlpUGJCK0hmMnhseVE9PQ==--05cb9b9a585550db2c1c6d59abe3c29322dc3ee1/t/sPPdN-QaMLryt-K4jEZ/resource/work/11938475/EFFECT_OF_ENZYMES_AND_PROBIOTIC_MIXTURESUPPLEMENTATION_TO_THE_DIET_OF_GROWING_FEMALE_RABBITS_ON_PERFORMANCE_AND_CARCASS_CRITERIA?email_work_card=title



REFLECTIONS ON RABBIT NUTRITION WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON FEED INGREDIENTS UTILIZATION REFLECTIONS ON RABBIT NUTRITION WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON FEED INGREDIENTS UTILIZATION " REFLECTIONS ON RABBIT NUTRITION WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON FEED INGREDIENTS UTILIZATION LEBAS F. Cuniculture, 87a Chemin de Lassère, 31450 Corronsac, France lebas@cuniculture.info ABSTRACT In this invited communication the author proposes a list of nutritional recommendations for rabbits of different categories: growing from 18 to 42 days, from 42 to 80 days, for breeding does according to productivity (40-50 kits weaned per doe/year or more than 50) and for a single diet suitable for all rabbits. Recommendations taking account the last published data, are divided in 2 groups. The first corresponds to nutrients which contribute mainly to feed efficiency: digestible energy, crude and digestible protein, amino acids, minerals, and fat-soluble vitamins. The second group corresponds to nutrients which contribute mainly to nutritive security and digestive health: different fibre components (lignins, cellulose, hemicelluloses) and their equilibrium, starch and water soluble vitamins. In a second part, 387 papers published during the last 30 years on raw material utilisation in rabbit feeding were analysed. In a total of 14 tables, the 542 corresponding experiments were summarised each by the identification of the raw material, by the highest level of incorporation used in the experiment, by the highest acceptable level, by the main ingredient(s) replaced by the raw material studied, and finally by the authors reference. Raw materials studied were those used in temperate as well as in tropical countries. The raw material were grouped according to the following categories : raw material used as single food (24 experiments), cereals and by-products (43 exp.), other carbohydrates source of energy (62 exp.), fats (27 exp.), full-fat oleaginous grains (10 exp.), oil cakes and meals (43 exp.), proteic seeds such peas or beans (42 exp.), miscellaneous sources of protein such yeast or leaf protein (18 exp.), animal products (21 exp.), non-protein nitrogen source such urea (9 exp.), forages (157 exp.), cereal straws, alkali treated or not (33 exp.), cover or parts of dried grains source of fibre such stalks, hulls or cobs (19 exp.) and industrial by-products usable as fibre source (51 exp.). Key words: nutritional recommendations, raw materials, data basis"

Effect of energy restriction in interaction with genotype on the performance of growing rabbits: II. Carcass traits and meat quality" by Z. Szendrő== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/ZTN1b3FROWR1aUZhWGM1Q0FJRk1XcWpSajlIRDdGUlZUakRXc21FRmxjaz0tLVNIdE1PS3ZtdnZuR1hWWm82UDg3U3c9PQ==--669990dfc647432f898e381ed8b9b41de23c78aa/t/sPPdN-QmqdKDg-bmjCCY/resource/work/13592540/Effect_of_energy_restriction_in_interaction_with_genotype_on_the_performance_of_growing_rabbits_II_Carcass_traits_and_meat_quality?email_work_card=title


Response of New Zealand Rabbits to Diet Containing Guava Waste (Psidium Guaijava L.): 1. Effect on Growth Performance, Diet Digestibility and Economic Efficiency" by hadil samy== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/bDBFWG8wcXl1MlBnSjlyenBnUkhKL2FZTmVnYmtyVW9vbThrWGNwaERMOD0tLXY4WWFsRlpHU0FKWVRTRTlLTmRCRnc9PQ==--6433eef0d04443b5c7e946a1c73ae59282239da3/t/sPPdN-Qmh7hzB-insEp/resource/work/27823893/Response_of_New_Zealand_Rabbits_to_Diet_Containing_Guava_Waste_Psidium_Guaijava_L_1_Effect_on_Growth_Performance_Diet_Digestibility_and_Economic_Efficiency?email_work_card=title

DOI: Response of New Zealand Rabbits to Diet Containing Guava Waste (Psidium Guaijava L.): 1. Effect on Growth Performance, Diet Digestibility and Economic Efficiency" by Fathy Abdel-Fattah== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/L2g5dmN3WEx4d01hb3JHanJkL1pUQXhZSXBMd3JwczQyVGlGeUhaakFxcz0tLUFPYUloZy9HZnAzMU1wMklmcDUxcEE9PQ==--cf05b9d08abd2994dce26ca3b775a8a327b9c34f/t/sPPdN-QqEo2CE-fAfA5/resource/work/38091315/DOI_Response_of_New_Zealand_Rabbits_to_Diet_Containing_Guava_Waste_Psidium_Guaijava_L_1_Effect_on_Growth_Performance_Diet_Digestibility_and_Economic_Efficiency?email_work_card=title


INCLUSION OF DRIED AGRO-INDUSTRIAL STRAWBERRY BY- PRODUCTS IN GROWING RABBIT DIETS" by mohamed basyony== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/N0V6STlENndzVWprbmthVTJGZEtGcUVha0RzZ2dCWm5sVFZXSFI5VFRPOD0tLWMxRjUyRHpHZ2pyU0l3SGkyR2JXVGc9PQ==--bdf935bf33d5e21673da61a284addd06919e86b9/t/sPPdN-QhFdf7T-VUozM/resource/work/36496618/INCLUSION_OF_DRIED_AGRO_INDUSTRIAL_STRAWBERRY_BY_PRODUCTS_IN_GROWING_RABBIT_DIETS?email_work_card=title


Rabbit’s performance, health and meat quality improvement by phyto-additives" by Attawit Kovitvadhi== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/bi8vWGZUcnVHM00zaDJSRklnOWVsV1VtMjlFQjFnQVNDN3VOUXJEQ3Z4Yz0tLXI0MndMN2J3UE8xZkNMbG5yV21YMmc9PQ==--c03893c550d192819f3dde5b88cb43c0251cfc1e/t/sPPdN-QqNsCkH-0zMCL/resource/work/19803703/Rabbit_s_performance_health_and_meat_quality_improvement_by_phyto_additives?email_work_card=title


PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING RABBITS FED DIET CONTAINING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TOMATO POMACE" by Mahmoud Elazab== https://www.academia.edu/keypass/eDNRMFl1YXdrb2ZTMGdxUkJTYkRTWDNzYkJoVHRVN2locDY1c3FjT3ZCcz0tLTB0R3RFeXZLNGduVlQvN2VQQ1ZaL3c9PQ==--b8af070801c6d13d7041b1060baf6b0b2f86db3f/t/sPPdN-QhbGBew-kbnLX/resource/work/35484427/PRODUCTIVE_PERFORMANCE_OF_GROWING_RABBITS_FED_DIET_CONTAINING_DIFFERENT_LEVELS_OF_TOMATO_POMACE?email_work_card=title


[https://www.academia.edu/keypass/dVhDUDgwSXFFTHo0UVBldFNXOHFQVkhsbFZnVEphQm50U1FtK1BNc2JIRT0tLXZOQUhpcFFDZ2czSndMaXZDNGVWTVE9PQ==--3f889f2926497df89c9685f9795796f88b4c76c3/t/sPPdN-Qg4y1P2-UzbBy/resource/work/21181061/Growth_performance_carcass_quality_biochemical_and_haematological_traits_and_immune_response_of_growing_rabbits_as_affected_by_different_growth_promoters?email_work_card=title 

Growth performance, carcass quality, biochemical and haematological traits and immune response of growing rabbits as affected by different growth promoters" by Youssef Attia]



EVALUATION OF EGYPTIAN TREE WILLOW (Salix safsafs) LEAVES AND ITS FEEDING AFFECT ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF NEW ZEALAND WHITE RABBITS" by mohamed basyony



UTILIZATION OF Ziziphus spina-christi LEAVES AS A NATURAL GROWTH PROMOTER IN RABBIT'S RATIONS" by mohamed basyony



Effect of replacement of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) hay by berseem silage on performance of growing rabbits" by Hamed Gaafar


Oil added to feed


Improving the Utilization of Rabbit Diets Containing Vegetable Oil by Using Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) And Oregano (Origanum vulgare L) as Feed Additives" by dr.azza badr


Study of the effect of grape seed extract as a natural antioxidant on the performance of New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits during summer season in Egypt Fawzia A. Hassan1; Khalid M. Mahrose2 and Mohamed Basyony3" by mohamed basyony https://www.academia.edu/keypass/Z0t1TlpMWlo4TjlkRmtURzkxY01MeWZMcEd2SmczNURyUE1GNm10Sy9jaz0tLWNBZ3pLMVZ6RDJ6dnJzeEhsRitsaGc9PQ==--3ea66988e3650ec90c1f8439baede86ffca6bf57/t/sPPdN-QdrCvu9-byFUwt/resource/work/21659194/Study_of_the_effect_of_grape_seed_extract_as_a_natural_antioxidant_on_the_performance_of_New_Zealand_White_NZW_rabbits_during_summer_season_in_Egypt_Fawzia_A_Hassan1_Khalid_M_Mahrose2_and_Mohamed_Basyony3?email_work_card=title


notes to be incorporated

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